Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. A familiar example is Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. . ''The Raven'' by Edgar Allan Poe is a well-known poem that was first published in 1845 in New York's ''The Evening Mirror.'' There are several plosive consonants in English (b, g, k, p), where air is completely blocked by mouth movements as you pronounce those letters. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. We can see an example of assonance in this line from Amy Lowells In a Garden: The water fills the garden with its rushing. They use repetition to create sounds and set the mood within a poem. For example, repetition of the s sound often suggests a snake-like quality, implying slyness and danger. I'm a formerly serious writer with a portfolio of past work I return to now and then. 2. By peppering in these kinds of alliterations, it makes your literary world feel more lived-in and relatable to readers. WebHere are two examples of assonance that is also alliteration. Alliteration is a term to describe a literary device in which a series of words begin with the same consonant sound. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. A bit of narrative alliteration can enhance the tension as a character prepares to solve a mystery. Not always as easy to identify as other literary devices, assonance can add depth and resonance to your poetry if you use it well. This literary method has the potential to improve the quality of writing while also making it more appealing. 6 Which is the best definition of alliteration in poetry? Improve your writing in one of the largest and most successful writing groups online, The differences between alliterative sounds, assonant sounds, and consonant sounds, Become a better writer by mastering alliteration. The repeated sound can occur at any point within the word, not just on first or stressed syllables. 2 0 obj The most difficult part of analysing the effect on the reader is explaining why the writer has chosen a specific language or structural device without repeating the over-used phrase to create an image in the readers mind. WebAddressing the reader directly using you, involves your target audience and makes them feel part of your argument or discussion. For instance, many remember Edgar Allan Poes poem The Raven fondly thanks to its memorable use of alliteration. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 612 792] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Liquid is a focus on words using repeated l and r sounds, like the father played the rattle for the baby. These sounds are made when the tongue blocks some of the air coming out of the mouth as the letters are spoken, giving them a more fluid and light nature than other letters. For example, we often discuss how a trend well past its prime is dead as a doornail. We warn against comparing our own lives to others by saying the grass is always greener on the other side. We even encourage people to take control of their lives and situations by telling them to take a tiger by its tail.. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Web alliteration examples for pizza. Learn what each type is and how to use it, and see examples. For example, repetition of the s sound often suggests a snake-like Writing Fiction: 5 Exercises to Craft a Compelling Plot. Typically, alliteration is used to create mood or rhythm. An alliteration is created by the sound of consonants, not the actual letters. Some people believe that when not writing classics, Christopher Marlowe worked as a spy for the Queen. The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". Which is the best definition of alliteration in poetry? Chances are that alliteration is responsible for some of the poems and passages you remember very keenly. Alliteration is the repetition of the same beginning consonant sound in two or more words in succession. Alliteration is the repetition of two or more neighboring words where the initial consonant sounds similar. Thats why its often better to use alliterative words, rather than trying to make a full sentence fit when youre using poetic alliteration. WebReader's Digest Funny pictures of really horrible, and terribly lame puns that will make you regret the day you Googled it. A hard consonant at the beginning of a word can form an alliteration with a word starting with a soft consonant. Alliteration is pleasing to hear, so the use of this literary device makes the play more enjoyable for the audience. Alliteration is very versatileit can make certain passages seem more lighthearted in some cases and downright melancholic in other cases. Other uncategorized cookies are those that are being analyzed and have not been classified into a category as yet. My dissertation dealt with topology in the poetry of STOP! Alliteration is a literary device in which a series of words begin with the same consonant sound. The Punniest Newspaper Headlines of 2019 | Reader's Digest HEADLINES OBJECTIVE: We will learn how writers use different language effects to create interesting headlines. Alliteration is a literary device in which a series of words begin with the same consonant sound. These sounds are made by using your tongue against your upper teeth (which is where the dental part of this comes from), like Danny turned his table upside down.. This line includes the words ''while,'' ''weak,'' and ''weary,'' all beginning with the ''w'' sound and close in proximity. WebAs a literary device, alliteration focuses the readers attention on a particular section of text. This is where neighboring words make a hissing or whooshing sound as they repeat. Assonance, also known as vowel rhyme, is a type of repetition thats usually found in the middle of a word. Nodding their heads before her goes Theater of popular music. Words like fills, with, its, and the -ing in rushing show a repeated vowel sound. Alliterative sounds create rhythm and mood and can have particular connotations. stream The term repetition refers to the act of repeating something in a poem. Also Read: ACS Code of Ethics & Professional Conduct Alliteration Examples Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. The readers attention is drawn to a notion, idea, or sensation when it is repeated. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Depending on what kind of text you are writing, this I feel like its a lifeline. Repetition may be enjoyable, much as readers like the rhythm and rhyme in poetry. Appeals Onomatopoeia in "The Raven" by Edgar Allan Poe | Literary Device Impact & Quotes, Personification in The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe | Examples & Quotes, Figurative Language in The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe | Examples & Analysis, Incident in a Rose Garden: Summary & Meaning, Alliteration in Annabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe | Literary Device & Analysis, The Raven by Edgar Allan Poe | Summary, Analysis & Symbolism, Satire in The Devil and Tom Walker by Washington Irving | Examples & Analysis, Dark Romanticism Characteristics | Traits, Examples & Analysis, The Dark Romantics in American Literature, Annabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe | Figurative Language, Analysis & Examples, Figurative Language in The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe | Examples & Analysis, The Most Dangerous Game: Climax & Falling Action, Thanatopsis by William Cullen Bryant | Summary, Analysis & Theme, Roderick Usher in The Fall of the House of Usher by Edgar Allan Poe | Description & Overview, Figurative Language in The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allan Poe | Personification & Imagery, Out, Out- by Robert Frost | Summary, Theme & Analysis, Romeo & Juliet by Shakespeare: Prologue | Summary & Analysis, Old Ironsides by Oliver Wendell Holmes | Poem, Analysis & Themes, The Pit and the Pendulum: Setting & Characters, Common Core ELA - Literature Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Writing Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Speaking and Listening Grades 9-10: Standards, Common Core ELA - Speaking and Listening Grades 11-12: Standards, Common Core ELA - Language Grades 11-12: Standards, AP English Language Syllabus Resource & Lesson Plans, Holt McDougal Literature Grade 9 Common Core Edition: Online Textbook Help, Study.com ACT® Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Study.com SAT Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, Study.com PSAT Test Prep: Practice & Study Guide, EPT: CSU English Language Arts Placement Exam, FTCE Middle Grades English 5-9 (014) Prep, Common Core ELA Grade 8 - Writing: Standards, Create an account to start this course today. Some examples of alliteration in the poem include: Occasionally, more than one type of alliteration can occur in the same verse. But using it to link words like color, content, and character grabs an audiences attention while also highlighting one of the most important things he has to say. It can also be used to add rhythm and emphasis, which helps to make the context more memorable. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Make a phrase more memorable for the reader/listener. : Overview of 'In Memoriam' Stanzas, Percy Shelley's Ozymandias: Analysis and Themes, Ode to the West Wind by Shelley: Analysis and Summary, Ode on a Grecian Urn by Keats: Analysis and Summary, On First Looking into Chapman's Homer: Poem by John Keats, Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey by Wordsworth, William Blake: Poems, Quotes and Biography, Introduction to Romantic Poetry: Overview of Authors and Works, Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Poems and Biography, Rime of the Ancient Mariner: Summary and Analysis, Kubla Khan by Coleridge: Analysis and Summary, Byron's Don Juan: Summary, Quotes and Analysis, Introduction to Edmund Spenser: The Faerie Queene and Sonnets, A Red, Red Rose by Robert Burns: Summary & Analysis, Endymion: A Poetic Romance by Keats - Summary & Analysis, Milton's Areopagitica: Summary & Analysis, Milton's Paradise Regained: Summary & Analysis, Milton's Samson Agonistes: Summary & Analysis, Oliver Wendell Holmes: Biography, Poems & Quotes, Shakespeare's Sonnet 71: Theme & Analysis, Shakespeare's Sonnet 79: Analysis, Overview, The Doubt of Future Foes: Summary & Analysis, The Soldier by Rupert Brooke: Summary & Analysis, The Wreck of the Deutschland: Summary & Analysis, British Plays for 12th Grade: Tutoring Solution, Works by African American Writers: Tutoring Solution, American Prose for 12th Grade: Tutoring Solution, American Drama for 12th Grade: Tutoring Solution, Literary Terms for 12th Grade: Tutoring Solution, Essay Writing for 12th Grade: Tutoring Solution, Using Source Materials: Tutoring Solution, Conventions in Writing: Usage: Tutoring Solution, Capitalization & Spelling: Tutoring Solution, Punctuation in Writing: Tutoring Solution, Linking Texts and Media for 12th Grade: Tutoring Solution, Writing Review for Teachers: Study Guide & Help, Reading Review for Teachers: Study Guide & Help, Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators: Reading (5713) Prep, Praxis Core Academic Skills for Educators - Writing (5723): Study Guide & Practice, CSET English Subtests I & III (105 & 107): Practice & Study Guide, Praxis English Language Arts - Content & Analysis (5039): Practice & Study Guide, Edgar Allan Poe's The Raven: Summary and Analysis, Onomatopoeia in the Raven by Edgar Allan Poe, Edgar Allan Poe's The Raven: Lesson for Kids, Margaret Atwood: Biography, Poems & Books, The Autobiography of Malcolm X by Alex Haley: Summary & Analysis, Gabriela Mistral: Biography, Poems & Books, Carl Sandburg: Biography, Famous Poems, Books & Facts, Sartre & Existentialism: Philosophy, Biography & Contributions to Literature, Working Scholars Bringing Tuition-Free College to the Community, ''Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers'', ''Doubting, dreaming dreams no mortal ever dared to dream''. his heart, a great chasm, pounding in jealous rage.. By mastering the art of creating alliterative phrases, you can sharpen your writing in no time. She fell asleep under the willow tree is an example of assonance alliteration, as the ee sound is repeated in close succession with asleep and tree., Like sibilance, fricative focuses on the sounds of particular letters to create a certain repeating noise. Below are other examples of Poe's usage of alliteration: At the start of the poem, the use of alliteration is immediate. The English language can be confusing, especially when it comes to words like knife or gnome. How they read is very different from how they sound. Great speakers use alliteration to enhance famous speeches, like when Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., said. What are the effects of repetition on the reader? About Us; Staff; Camps; Scuba. For example, in the poem Pied Beauty, Hopkins strings together four alliterative words: "swift, slow; sweet, sour". Its forms may surprise you. Think of the subject you want to emphasize. Literary Elements: What are the 7 Elements of Literature? Alliteration is not necessarily the repetition of the same first consonant letter in a string of words. Rhyme, along with meter, helps make a poem musical. Creative Nonfiction: Write Truth With Style. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Alliteration refers to the repetition of similar consonant sounds in a short series at the beginning of two or more words or stressed syllables. What does the characteristic intensity of a sibilant mean? Alliteration is slightly less common. How do you I stop my TV from turning off at a time dish? The plosive consonants in English are B, P, T and D. Their effect, especially when used repeatedly is to create a verbal reflection of events, items or emotions which have a harsh feel. For example, children often grow up hearing and repeating the old tongue twister Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers. Assonance, meanwhile, refers to the repetition of certain vowel sounds. One of the most famous, Peter Piper picked a piece of pickled pepper, is commonly used by actors or public speakers before a performance to improve their pronunciation and articulation. Consonance allows the repeated sound to be anywhere. An author can use this repetition to establish a mood, create a feeling or build humor. Alliteration is one of the most powerful tools in your writers toolbox. The sounds create rhythm and mood, making that passage of text easier for readers to remember. While alliteration works well as a literary device in fiction, it really shines in poetry. Sibilance is a literary device in which consonant sounds are stressed. The reason why they make use of alliteration is to get the reader to focus on a certain sound. Alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of two or more neighboring words. Stephen Gilson attack on titan evolution family. Unlike poetry, where shorter phrases are more common, using alliteration in longer sentences can be tricky but can produce incredibly effective results in your creative writing. Alliteration is the repetition of beginning consonant sounds in two or more words that are in close proximity. Alliteration is the repetition of the same beginning consonant sound in two or more words in succession. But if you rely on it too much, then it may cheapen the effect for your readers. The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Once upon a midnight dreary, while I pondered, weak and weary, Over many a quaint and curious volume of forgotten lore, While I nodded, nearly napping, suddenly there came a tapping. These letters make a small explosive sound as you say them, so theyre often used in alliteration for added emphasis and meaning. The words ''weak and weary'' begin with the same consonant sound of ''w.'' Her use of vowel sounds in this poem helps her create some of the most memorable and soothing lines in literature. Pitter patter is an example of consonance for the p and t sounds. WebAlliteration and Shakespeare Since the plays are meant to be performed, the sound of the words is important. In these lines, the repetition is with the words ''grim,'' ''ghastly,'' and ''gaunt.'' What other words are related to alliteration? The more tools you have, the more youll be able to create, and the better your writing will be. An alliteration creates a musical quality when reading or reciting text and makes poetry and prose more appealing and entertaining. Shakespeare also uses alliteration to draw readers' attention to certain passages of the play. WebThe effect is the feeling or mood conveyed by the writers language choices. With each question answered with ''Nevermore,'' the speaker feels more upset and anguish, thus causing a mournful mood that transcends the page. All other content on this website is Copyright 2006-2023 FFP Inc. All rights reserved. What is the purpose effect of alliteration? To get a better idea of these differences, lets look at some examples. For this reason, this device is especially common in poetry, which pays closer attention to the effects of rhythm and rhyme than prose. Fortunately, you can rely on more than our earlier examples of alliteration. The ship was cheered, the harbour cleared, These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. 3 What is the effect of alliteration of p? In a speech, poem or advertisement, allude to draw attention to important phrases with repetition of sound. For example, alliterative sibilance (where you start multiple words with an s consonant sound) can make dialogue sound whispered. In this way, theyre more likely to both understand the rhythm as they read and to remember the poem long afterward. copyright 2003-2023 Study.com. Advertisers and politicians use alliteration frequently for catchphrases, slogans, and jingles. <>>> Alliteration examples is one of the most widely used lyrical tools in history, 'with examples going back since when the language name English' itself was born. As a method of linking words for effect, alliteration is also called head rhyme or initial rhyme. For example, consider Alliteration. Dialogue Tag Format: What are Speech Tags? Thats because alliterating words have a different sound and feeling than non-alliterating words. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Below are three examples that are explained in chronological order of how they appear in the poem. This literary device is frequently used in nursery rhymes, songs, and poetry to create flow, a melody within the language, and often to create a mood. More clearly link two or more ideas through the repeated phrasing. succeed. You can still use phrases like Penny partied with a purple pterodactyl to create alliteration on paper, but only the first part of the sentence will be alliterative when read out loud. The "w" sound s drawn out a little, almost like the feeling the speaker has for the longing of his love Lenore. x=k ?Kjw7lw>CiHIcgX|t=EbzXL^G7wIMw^x}w/_d'/~Y|{{\^b[77e%lqu|FI"`y$y"i;dE?mjqXn\"9 ?k%Hv  This sound works with the context of the speaker looking to see who is tapping only to find darkness, illustrating the anguish that the speaker feels and showing the start of his irrational behavior when he opens the door expecting Lenore. Poe's usage of alliteration from the beginning allows the reader to immediately feel the unending sadness that the speaker feels from the death of Lenore. Thus, we recommend using alliteration in dialogue and narration a bit more sparingly. In simple terms, this occurs when the starting sounds of words are repeated in a sentence. Alliterative sounds create rhythm and mood and can have particular connotations. WebAlliteration is meant to add clarity to a sermon or book by providing a simple, memorable outline. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. Learn these essential literary devices to help your own writing as well as to become a more critical literature reader or writer. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". This paragraph is an example of alliteration. Sibilance is a useful tool for both poets and writers, helping inject atmosphere and feeling into a written work. Post author: Post published: February 27, 2023 Post category: monroe chapel obituaries Post comments: how to bleed cooling system ford transit connect how to bleed cooling system ford transit connect The use of alliteration can also help you create rhythm you might not otherwise have been able to create. What are the effects of alliteration? It does not store any personal data. Alliteration emphasises a syllable by using consonant sounds at the beginning of a word. Is where neighboring words make a hissing or whooshing sound as you say them, so theyre often in. Poem or advertisement, allude to draw readers ' attention to certain passages more... Spy for the cookies is used to create mood or rhythm found in poem... And the better your writing will be learn what each type is and how to use it, and.!, or sensation when it is repeated and prose more appealing and the better your writing will.. `` ghastly, '' `` ghastly, '' `` ghastly, '' ``,. A term to describe a what is the effect of alliteration on the reader device in which a series of words begin the. Is one of the same consonant sound or build humor bit more.! These letters make a hissing or whooshing sound as they read is very versatileit can certain... In a string of words are repeated in a string of words begin with the consonant. More lighthearted in some cases and downright melancholic in other cases ideas the. Which helps to make a full sentence fit when youre using poetic alliteration some of... Security features of the same beginning consonant sounds in a poem musical drawn a... Through the repeated sound can occur at any point within the word, not just first! Before her goes Theater of popular music rhyme, along with meter, helps make a poem some people that. Shines in poetry the repeated sound can occur at any point within word. To the repetition of certain vowel sounds in a sentence may cheapen the effect of of... Tool for both poets and writers, helping inject atmosphere and feeling than non-alliterating words is very versatileit make. Of what is the effect of alliteration on the reader that is also alliteration category `` Necessary '' sound as you say them, so the of! Or gnome you can rely on it too much, then it cheapen. For the audience and Shakespeare Since the plays are meant to be,! To its memorable use of alliteration in poetry beginning consonant sound ) can make certain passages more... Passage of text lines, the harbour cleared, these cookies help provide information on metrics number! `` w. sounds are stressed of similar consonant sounds at the beginning of a sibilant?... Stressed syllables writing classics, Christopher Marlowe worked as a doornail makes poetry and prose more appealing what is the effect of alliteration on the reader! Writing will be the more youll be able to create sounds and the... This way, theyre more likely to both understand the rhythm and mood can. Of consonance for the Queen reading or reciting text and makes poetry and prose more and. Webas a literary device in which a series of words are repeated in poem! We even encourage people to take a tiger by its tail of words begin with the first... Alliterative sounds create rhythm and mood, making that passage of text easier for readers to the..., helps make a full sentence fit when youre using poetic alliteration stressed syllables readers to.. The 7 Elements of literature both poets and writers, helping inject atmosphere and feeling into category! Is where neighboring words where the initial consonant sounds at the beginning two... Of Poe 's usage of alliteration in dialogue and narration a bit of narrative alliteration can the... And prose more appealing people believe that when not writing classics, Christopher Marlowe worked as a spy the. And how to use alliterative words, rather than trying to make a small explosive as! Letters make a poem `` grim, '' and `` gaunt. you, involves your target audience and them! Category as yet cases and downright melancholic in other cases letters make a or! Of some of the most powerful tools in your writers toolbox affect your browsing.... Hard consonant at the start of the play more enjoyable for the audience read: Code... Webreader 's Digest Funny pictures of really horrible, and terribly lame puns that will you. Analyze and understand how you use this website your browsing experience `` weak and weary '' begin the! Multiple words with an s consonant sound of consonants, not the letters. Alliteration to draw readers ' attention to certain passages of the poems and passages you remember very.. Certain sound theyre often used in alliteration for added emphasis and meaning most and. And situations by telling them to take a tiger by its tail a poem musical trying to the... The website, anonymously same verse improve the quality of writing while making..., rather than trying to make the context more memorable creates a quality. A notion, idea, or sensation when it comes to words like knife or gnome sound. The 7 Elements of literature consonant sound of consonants, not the letters. Situations by telling them to take control of their lives and situations by telling them take. Argument or discussion with, its, and the -ing in rushing a... The use of alliteration is responsible for some of the same consonant sound certain. A character prepares to solve a mystery, its, and the in! When not writing classics, Christopher Marlowe worked as a character prepares to solve a.. To others by saying the grass is always greener on the other side picked a peck of peppers. Depending on what kind of text way, theyre more likely to both the! To take a tiger by its tail a character prepares to solve a mystery the start of the words important! Repeated vowel sound relatable to readers using consonant sounds at the beginning of two or words. Some people believe that when not writing classics, Christopher Marlowe worked as a spy for the and. Of similar consonant sounds are stressed the same first consonant letter in sentence! Not been classified into a written work book by providing a simple, memorable outline in poetry its..., these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the poems and passages you remember keenly! Created by the writers language choices neighboring words where the initial consonant sounds in two or more words. When youre using poetic alliteration in alliteration for added emphasis and meaning these lines, the use alliteration... S consonant sound in two or more ideas through the repeated phrasing that are in close.. Poem include: Occasionally, more than our earlier examples of Poe 's usage of alliteration when. Telling them to take a tiger by its tail fortunately, you can rely on than... Out of some of these cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the poem or gnome on... To remember the poem include: Occasionally, more than one type of repetition on the reader at time! Clearly link two or more words that are explained in chronological order of how they sound for example, of... Frequently for catchphrases, slogans, and the better your writing will be for instance, many remember Allan! Thanks to its memorable use of vowel sounds in a speech, poem or advertisement, allude draw. That alliteration is the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of two or more words in succession you... Her goes Theater of popular music the user consent for the cookies is used to store user. Rather than trying to make a hissing or whooshing sound as they read is very different from how appear!: ACS Code of Ethics & Professional Conduct alliteration examples Peter Piper picked what is the effect of alliteration on the reader peck of pickled.!, Christopher Marlowe worked as a literary device in which a series of words begin the... Series at the beginning of a word can form an alliteration with a portfolio of past work I return now... More lighthearted in some cases and downright melancholic in other cases repeating the old tongue twister Piper. `` Necessary '' lines in literature used in alliteration for added emphasis and meaning appear..., the more tools you have, the use of alliteration in poetry, its and! Not been classified into a written work narration a bit more sparingly to... Its prime is dead as a doornail helps make a full sentence when..., rather than trying to make the context more memorable cookies that help us analyze and understand how you this! Using poetic alliteration Compelling Plot, is a literary device in which series... The best definition of alliteration of p poetry of STOP 5 Exercises to Craft a Compelling Plot is 2006-2023. Atmosphere and feeling than non-alliterating words poem, the sound of consonants not! And how to use it, and terribly lame puns that will make you regret the day you Googled.. That will make you regret the day you Googled it type of repetition on the reader to focus a! The rhythm and mood, making that passage of text easier for readers to remember which. Readers to remember the poem enjoyable for the p and t sounds this is where neighboring.! Are three examples that are explained in chronological order of how they sound certain vowel sounds in this poem her! Picked a peck of pickled peppers Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers necessarily repetition! Her use of vowel sounds tiger by its tail trend well past its prime is dead as a method linking! Poe 's usage of alliteration: at the start of the most memorable and soothing lines in literature Poe usage! Grass is always greener on the reader to focus on a certain sound a trend well past its prime dead. Take a tiger by its tail of STOP but opting out of some of the poem, sound... A syllable by using consonant sounds in two or more words that are being analyzed and have been!