They eventually settled in Maryland where they had relatives living already. Army Reserve Sustainment Units of Action, which establishes a new capability for the Army Reserve while increasing the Individuals with disabilities are encouraged to direct suggestions, comments, or complaints concerning any accessibility issues with Rutgers web sites to: accessibility@rutgers.edu or complete the Report Accessibility Barrier or Provide Feedback Form. In 2006, I was in the Archives processing the papers of the Reverend Bradford Abernethy, Rutgers University Chaplain and found a thin folder labeled Hungarian scientists. Rutgers is an equal access/equal opportunity institution. 59 Dudley Road The hungarian revolution of 1984 ended in 3 million deaths cause of englush teachrz. Dr. Stephen Temessy worked for the program as an assistant to the director, translator, interpreter, reporter and analyst of group feeling. The announcement that the students had released a twelve-point set of demands convinced them - and surprised them since the Twelve Points issued back in 1848 were part of the "sacred tradition" of that century's Hungarian Revolution. *Based on the authors presentation: The Rutgers English Program for Hungarian Refugee Scientists in 1956. Remarks by Secretary of the Army, Wilber M. Brucker - November 19, 1956. 8EtV/J"E5jKP )p8sH=FRAt[ibx[owmQzD7_c$."*}qO9//,:E&E3A|fry]zY?g`[pKm ikyH^|:7y|3,?] s}^W B$("A&H A1iGFa>rU~GkYZ-'''QDLa Holocaust survivors and young students in particular, writes Zinner, were "eager to join the Party.". If you do not see a thumbnail image or a reference to another Foran Hall Final report, 41st Military Government Company, "Operation Mercy", 13 Nov 1956--12 Mar 1957, Camp Kilmer, New Jersey. In early 1957, Filerman headed the effort to process 1600 Hungarian students and by the end of March succeeded in obtaining scholarships for 800 of them at one of the 600 American universities participating in the World University Service (WUS). There are 4international refugee and migration organizations in the greater Phoenixmetro area, including the cities of Phoenix, Casa Grande, Chandler, Mesa, Scottsdale, and Tempe. Camp, five Army Reserve Centers, realigning five facilities and relocating forces to multiple installations throughout the In November 1956, the United States launched Operation Mercy as a mission to help process Hungarian refugees from the latter years of the War. The Armed Forces Reserve Centers will have the capability to accommodate these units if the state The ruling regime, hearing of the planned march, granted and then withdrew permission to the students. http://www.americanhungarianfederation.org/1956/photos.htm, 1956 Institute. The concentration camp scenes for the 1964 movie The Pawnbroker were filmed in the section of Camp Kilmer which had been used for the movement of prisoners-of-war. This page was not helpful because the content: Fraud Detection and National Security Directorate, Immigration Records and Identity Services Directorate, Office of Equal Opportunity and Inclusion, Refugee, Asylum, and International Operations Directorate, Featured Stories from the USCIS History Office and Library, USCIS Facilities Dedicated to the Memory of Immigrant Medal of Honor Recipients, If You Feel Sick, Do Not Come to Your USCIS Appointment; Please Cancel and Reschedule It. Price tells of two Rutgers sociologists- Richard Stephenson and Jay Schulman- who the university hired to interview Hungarian immigrants in the late 1950s. Imre Nagy, a politician who had worked with the Communist Party but been expelled the year before, appealed to demonstrators by advocating non-alignment, national democracy, and the withdrawal of Russian forces. Eventually the HQ group was attached to another unit and major military presence left Camp Kilmer. Anyone can read what you share. To avoid the bloodbath, 200,000 Hungarians fled their country in the following weeks. As of October 2009 the Sergeant Joyce Kilmer Reserve Center was closed as per the recommendation of the Base Realignment and Closure, 2005. From its opening in 1942 through the end of the War, Camp Kilmer handled over 2,500,000 troops heading to and from the battlefields. This recommendation considered feasible locations within the demographic and geographic areas of the closing facilities and Besides the co-directors an administrative officer worked at Camp Kilmer as assistant director. However, through the early 1990s, financial troubles continued, with high unemployment and few state safety nets. item is rights restricted or has not been evaluated for President Eisenhower announced the appointment of the Presidents Committee for Hungarian Refugee Relief on December 12. USA.gov, 1956 Dec. 3 (date added to Look's library). The Austrian government immediately recognized her as a refugee. Negative number begins with: LC-L92, L922, L924, or L927. He also lived in the dorm with the scientists, and was on-call at all times Monday through Friday. November, 1956: As a popular uprising in Hungary's capital, Budapest, was pushed back by the Soviet Union, bloody street fighting ensued. If the Medium field lists unpublished color images or negatives, advance arrangements must be made to view them -- see: OR Prints & Photographs Reading Room staff can provide up to 10 quick copies of contact sheets per calendar year. Arrival of first Hungarian Refugees at Camp Kilmer, NJ. The former environs of Camp Kilmer, and the current Kilmer Reserve Center, are soiled with numerous contaminants including PAHs, VOCs, SVOCs, PCBs, asbestos, and heavy metals affecting groundwater, surface waters and sediment, as well as the soil. New Brunswick, NJ 08901-8520, Phone: 848-932-0305 A second photo gallery specifically dedicated to honoring the tireless work of Gary Filerman and his colleagues in Camp Kilmer, NJ has also been published. At the American-Hungarian Foundation, I learned more about how Hungarians had come to New Jersey as guest workers in the 1880s, not planning to stay, but rather to save up some money and take it home with them. Hungarian Refugee Scientists at Rutgers (Part 2), The World of Baseball Books: Digging Deep into The National Pastime, Drawing Rutgers: Creativity and Play as Stressbusters, Books They Read: Miniposters by Rutgers Students, Superheroes Among Us: Solito by Javier Zamora, Report Accessibility Barrier or Nagy, along with a few other Party dissidents, took shelter in the Yugoslav embassy, but was then captured and imprisoned when trying to leave the country. The unit arrived July 22, 1942 on three separate trains from Camp Claiborne, Louisiana. Publications of the Camp Kilmer Refugee Reception Center relating to Operation Mercy. The Arizona Refugee Resettlement Program (RRP) supports refugees through transitional benefits and contracted community partners as they resettle in the United States. Imprint/Impressum, New Photo Gallery of 1956 Hungarian Refugees in the US Now Available, A new photo gallery documenting how Hungarian refugees were treated from their arrival to their eventual resettlement is now available on Blinken OSAs website, Academic Cooperation and Research Support, Vera and Donald Blinken Open Society Archives, Democracy in Question: Ken Opalo on the Prospects of Democracy Across Africa, GO WEST! The Petfi Circle had named itself after Hungarian poet Sandor Petf, who had become iconic in the 1848 Hungarian Revolution. Immediate clothing needs were handled right after arrival, and later the Womens League of Rutgers also rushed to help with a private collection of clothing. The 1956 Institute and the Hungarian-American Federation both offer online digitizations of first-hand photography, news footage, later interviews and more. Clue that a LOOK Magazine Photograph Collection image is affected is: exchange at the Kelly Support Center after the BRAC recommendations are approved and the effects on the area population Paul Zinner. The 78th Division (TS), nicknamed the "Lightning Division" or "Jersey Lightning", is the lineal descendant of the 78th Division of World War I and the 78th Infantry Division of World War II. Ferenc A Vali. This recommendation reduces military manpower and associated costs for maintaining existing facilities by closing one Revolution in Hungary. The Situationists also wrote a longer essay,Preliminaries on Councils, specifically exploring the internal organization of people's revolts in Eastern Europe against Russia- often using obtuse language that translates rather clumsily from the French - and a comic satirizing the 'pseudo-revolutionary' nature of Communist groups around Europe. Demonstrators with Polish and Hungarian flags, at the statue of Jzef Bem. The Livingston College campus currently sits on 540-acres acquired by Rutgers in 1964. Chang Science Library At the same time, the Academy actively searched for positions by posting a request in. Readiness Command Headquarters at Fort Dix, NJ, which will further support the re-engineering and streamlining of the INS cooperated with external agencies and nonprofits to guide the refugees into American life. Accessibility | ", Around 3,600 were interviewed in more depth, and "slightly more than 2,000 proved to have sufficient potential to justify recording a Preliminary Interrogation Report (PIR). By Judit Hajnal Ward | News,Resources. Once they passed their inspections, eligible adults received an I-25 identification card from INS and a social security card, and Department of Labor employees attempted to match their skills with jobs. 877 0 obj <>stream when you are in any reading room at the Library of Congress. Community Concerns: There were no formal concerns expressed by the community. "Camp Kilmer" pamphlet. Provide Feedback Form, Rutgers, The State University of But things darkened and her family fled to Austria, and from there to Camp Kilmer. Hungarians began leaving for Austria and Yugoslavia, while thousands of others wound up in temporary camps for the displaced, in Italy or Germany. [6] The last tenant units relocated to Fort Dix. endstream endobj 860 0 obj <>stream 9. The Committee for Hungarian Refugee Relief embraced the initiatives. Press | In mid-December, the Academy initiated a structured program of professional evaluation and placement among qualified refugees. Camp Kilmer dominates the story of flight from Hungary in 1956-1957 for many Hungarian Americans who experienced the Revolution, and with good reason: roughly four-fifths of them came through the camp, and their subsequent integration into American life was largely successful. Around October 23, the anniversary of the 1956 Hungarian Revolution, I cant help feeling proud to remember how Rutgers stepped up and helped a small group of Hungarian scholars and graduate students. From djpillen Rutgers is an equal access/equal opportunity institution. Would there be more fighting? Commission Findings: The Commission found DoD's recommendation consistent with the final selection criteria and the Force Structure Plan. They are also The screening protocol was extremely important. This article seeks to relativize the myth of Camp Kilmer by examining the refugees' motives for leaving Hungary, their experience in Austria, and why so many ended up in the US, in other countries, or back in their homeland. Stephenson said the study consisted of interviews withs between 40 and 60 Hungarian. All images can be viewed at a large size 2006. The Committee immediately became an operating agency to coordinate the work of government and private organizations, which facilitated the settlement of Hungarian political refugees. yBZ#jc=902C7xT?hC6:j:glQ!wFKg%)^R'J'8+O'I+P8t? http://www.bopsecrets.org, Bureaucratic Comix. The site was selected in 1941 by the War Department as the best site to serve the New York Port of Embarkation. [3]. INS Commissioner Joseph M. Swing recalled that the Hungarian refugee crisis challenged every operation of the service. Yet by the end of 1957, he could declare a victory for the INS. Refugees were screened and selected upon arrival in the United States based on their qualifications, educational, industrial, and research backgrounds. On 12 December 1956, however, the President appointed a civilian Committee for savings, and is consistent with the Army's force structure plans and Army transformational objectives. }); affected units. Scholars estimate that close to 3,000 Hungarians and 700 Red Army soldiers died in the fighting that finally ended on Nov. 11 with a Soviet declaration of victory. The purpose of the center was to help identify and place refugees with advanced scientific or other professional training. After a two-hour standoff the crowd surged forward, and the AVO opened fire with machine guns. Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, would be the processing center for all of the refugees. Jobs | They would again organize massive grassroots efforts, to guard against rigged elections and other abuses of power, in the national protests of 2006. The camp had special facilities set up for required public health inspections and immigration interviews, as well as photographing and fingerprinting. The Newark, New Jersey, district immigration office initially reassigned workers to Camp Kilmer to handle the influx, assigning workers to a rotating schedule of 24-hour duties including inspections, investigations, legal oversight, records creation, and what managers called myriad incidentals. As the operation continued, and thousands of refugees entered the country each day, more East Coast INS employees relocated temporarily to New Jersey to help. The Hungarian exploitation effort, American domestic style, will be a source of example and anecdote for some time to come. Other materials require appointments for later the A declassified report from CIA agent Guy E. Coriden was my point of departure for a number of important angles in studying the Hungarian Revolution. Philosophers with radical leanings voiced their support of the rebels, like Albert Camus in his open letter, "The Blood of the Hungarians." He was a partner in several firms for 22 years, until 1941. PHOENIX A church in Mesa is once again welcoming migrants released by immigration officials. Initial funding was provided by the Ford Foundation in the form of a previous grant to the Academy for its work in international relations. Later, dissident communists like the Situationists and Autonomists would look at the democratic workers' councils that Hungarians formed that October, and hold them up as an example of 'true' communism against the USSR's brutal 'state capitalism.'. Austrias leaders initially welcomed the Hungarians, but the country was soon overwhelmed. rights restrictions. serendipityherbals says: August 17, 2013 at 5:44 . The Edison Job Corps Center (Excess Land Sale Only) is on a High Value Asset List of fourteen properties that the United States Public Buildings Reform Board has recommended for disposal. Editors: Jnos M. Rainer - Katalin Somlai, p. 79-96. [1] Leading British Marxist intellectual E. P. Thompson left the Communist Party over the brutal Russian intervention. http://www.rev.hu/portal/page/portal/rev/aktualitasok, Freedom Fighter 56 History Project. disestablishment of the 99th Regional Readiness Command allows for the establishment of the Northeast Regional In Budapest, a set of Sixteen Points were agreed upon and advanced as a set of revolutionary demands. Meanwhile, in November 1956, the National Academy of Sciences (the Academy) formally resolved to assist Hungarian colleagues who wished to continue their scholarly activities in the United States. Until the Committee was terminated after submitting its final report on May 14, 1957, it helped over 30,000 Hungarian refugees to resettle in the United States. Phoenix refugee organizations. It was compiled from submissions of academic and industrial employers invited by the Academy to assist, or from jobs offered by employers after reading about the program in the press. American officials praised these refugees as freedom fighters, giving them a heroes' welcome and help settling into new homes. In the following days, fighting broke out between Hungarian revolutionaries and communist loyalists across the country. The purpose of the center was to help identify and place refugees with advanced scientific or other professional training. A .gov website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. It is part of the anthology "The CIA on Campus: Essays on Academic Freedom and the National Security State.". 3 of the new Rutgers dormitory-classroom development in New Brunswick. An uprising in the Polish provence of Poznan in June of 1955 had also been an impetus to the Hungarians. please use our Ask A Librarian service or Recalling the atmosphere after November 4, he said it was a time of defeated "compromise" when "instead of national solidarity, [there] was alienation, distortion, and selfishness." Nonprofit sponsors guided them out of the camp and into civilian life. About the President's Committee for Hungarian Refugee Relief, Army Pictorial Service, 1956: Operation Mercy, President's Special Message to the Congress on Immigration Matters, January 31, 1957, President's Statement on the Termination of the Emergency Program for Hungarian Refugees, December 28, 1957, US Congress, 1958: Status of the Hungarian Refugee Program, Guy E. Coriden, CIA: "Report on Hungarian Refugees", The 1956 Digital Archive of the Open Society Archive, Budapest (Transcripts of the Columbia Oral History Project), Hungarian Jewish Refugee Cards in the Joint Distribution Committee Names Index, Records of the President's Committee for Hungarian Refugee Relief in the Tracy S. Voorhees Papers at Rutgers, Other Online Resources on 56er Refugees in the US, Report Accessibility Barrier or Provide Feedback Form. Restrictions Information page October 22, 2021 The Library of Congress generally does not own rights to material in ability to recruit and retain Reserve Component soldiers and to train and mobilize units affected by this recommendation. The total budget for the course was $17,690, from which staff salaries, dorm fees and overhead costs ranked the highest, around $5,000 each. Check for digital images: In a small number of cases, selected images from a job have been digitized and display online: Copy the information in the Call Number field above (e.g., LOOK - Job 54-2946), Go to the Prints & Photographs Online Catalog home page, and enter the Call Number in the "Search All" blank and press "Go". Military authorities chose the recently retired Army base near the main campus of Rutgers University because it was unoccupied yet in good condition and not far from air and sea arrival points for the refugees. The realignment of Fort Sheridan, IL, by relocating the 244th Aviation Brigade to Fort Dix coupled with the Department of the Navy recommendation to close NAS Willow Also, the full United Nations report of the Special Committee on the Problem of Hungary is in pdf form here. To purchase copies through Duplication Services, cite the Call Number above and specify the medium you wish to order. 865 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<1B09F8467B9992921EDF39DE936BBDB6><5E27710BBBE0D0459A1B6C514CFBDC27>]/Index[856 22]/Info 855 0 R/Length 63/Prev 280863/Root 857 0 R/Size 878/Type/XRef/W[1 2 1]>>stream Student dissidents decided to stage a march through the city on October 23. Over the following months approximately 200,000 peopleor 2% of the populationleft Hungary. Keywords: Camp Kilmer, 1956, refugees, Austria, Switzerland, Israel, Tracy Voorhees . Publication may be restricted. As a result, a program that began as an improvised response to a Cold War emergency established a precedent the U.S. could follow in future efforts to evacuate and resettle refugees and parolees in the United States. Alternatively, you can purchase a copy through Library of Congress Duplication Services by citing the identifying information under the image (e.g.. OR view materials in the Prints & Photographs Reading Room. At the same time, the Academy actively searched for positions by posting a request in Science magazine and in other media.They also started to build a database of available positions. Email:See Contact, Hours: Monday-Friday 9-5 (semester) If possible, include a copy of the catalog record when placing an order. Did you like this story? Photographs show Hungarian refugees at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey, being processed, eating, carrying luggage; visiting American hosts in their homes; working; shopping in stores; walking on street; at wedding. No, the item is not digitized. the greater New York City area with relocation of those units to Fort Totten. The Hungarian Scholar program was launched by establishing an office on December 19 at the official refugee center at Camp Kilmer, New Brunswick, NJ (currently, Piscataway, NJ). Individuals The Foundation also puts on a Hungarian festival in New Brunswick every summer. The Department understands that The group of single individuals, couples, and two families with one child each were housed and attending classes in Building no. Monday-Friday 1-5 (intersession) The 30,000 registration cards of refugees processed at Camp Kilmer in 1956-57 are here, and 97 original letters written by Louise Kossuth Ruttkay, the sister of Lajos Kossuth, to Eliza Elvira Kenyon between 1875 and 1897. In many cases, the originals can be served in a Then the Academys placement officer reviewed the refugees options with the help of a master file of position openings. Two ways to do this. The Commission also notes that DoD will address the further requirements for the commissary and https://www.loc.gov/rr/print/res/rights.html })(); Arrival of first Hungarian Refugees at Camp Kilmer, NJ. In "The Smoke Over Budapest" he wrote: "As I write the smoke is still rising above Budapest It is true that dollars have also been sown in this embittered soil. On the evening of the 23, a crowd of 100,000 marched through the city to the radio station, with the idea of broadcasting their demands to the country. Sixty-five hundred people were allowed to enter the US on immigrant visas, while the rest arrived on a parolee basis under an emergency provision of the Immigration Law, the former requiring a sponsor for one year, the latter with fewer legal requirements. No corporation and industry representatives were allowed to conduct similar interviews at Camp Kilmer. The welcome sign is in Hungarian. It was followed by more in-depth interviews, which also included counseling and an evaluation of the scientists potential. In November 1956, a failed revolt against Communism in Hungary spurred the greatest refugee crisis in Europe since the end of World War II. Camp Kilmer also housed a maintenance and repair facility supporting the Nike/Hercules missile sites in the greater New York metropolitan area. In France and Great Britain, organizations split or expelled people for differing from the Party line. 1956 - 2006 Memorial Album. Community concerns were carefully weighed and considered, but the Commission did not find they rose to the level of This recommendation transforms Army Reserve command and control by consolidating four major headquarters onto Fort to view the original item(s). Books We Read @ Chang Library Twitter page. These nonprofits included the National Catholic Welfare Conference, Church World Service, United Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, and the International Rescue Committee, among others. They called for a general strike the next morning, which spread through the entire country over the next two days. With the ending of hostilities in 1945, the Camp became the main receiving center for soldiers returning from Europe and the Pacific. They iconically tore down the statue of Stalin along the way, which had been put up when the Russians took power. Remarks by Secretary of the Army, Wilber M. Brucker - November 19, 1956. Components to enhance homeland security and homeland defense at a reduced cost to those agencies. Camp Kilmer operated more like a small city than a typical army facility and servicemen had access to all types of entertainments and activities. That revolution had seen the Polish and Hungarian forces fighting side-by-side. hb```e``g`c`Igd@ A& vh`H]a[GwkHo``YYYY1H`(Xf@@.@elrL? NATIONAL SZCHNYI LIBRARY, Hungary. Abstract Camp Kilmer dominates the story of flight from Hungary in 1956-1957 for many Hungarian Americans who experienced the Revolution, and with good reason: roughly four-fifths of them came through the camp, and their subsequent integration into American life was largely successful. Some publications are printed in both English and Hungarian. Harvard University Press, 1961. endstream endobj startxref Eventually, it became the largest processing center for troops heading overseas and returning from World War II, processing over 2.5 million soldiers. Meetings of the Petfi Circle began to draw thousands of participants. Co-investigators: Sylvia D. Clark (St. Johns University), Frank Jolliffe (Bank Street College), Molly Stewart (Center of Alcohol Studies Library, Franklin Township Public Library). 8-10 week turnaround in completing orders, as all negatives must be reproduced at The post was activated in June 1942[1] and the first unit to arrive at Camp Kilmer was the 332nd Engineer General Service Regiment, a complement of 1,239 enlisted men and 52 officers. Born in New Brunswick, he graduated from Rutgers College with an A.B. when you are outside the Library of Congress because the Many settled in New Brunswick, which had a thriving Hungarian American community in its Fifth Ward. Ground forces put up pockets of resistance, joined by dissenting soldiers and tank commanders, keeping power in some areas until November 10. In Fall 2014 the last section of Camp Kilmer was occupied by the Edison Township Public Works Department. in 1911 and an A.M. in 1914, then an LL.B. The Hungarian Scholar program was launched by establishing an office on December 19 at the official refugee center at Camp Kilmer, New Brunswick, NJ (currently, Piscataway, NJ). [8], Digital recreation of pamphlet issued to troops billeted at Camp Kilmer, Digital Archives of New Jersey History, Camp Kilmer information, Camp Kilmer Online Exhibit from the National Archives at New York City, National Archives and Records Administration, Map of Middlesex County, New Jersey shows the location of Camp Kilmer straddling the border between Edison Township (then known as Raritan Township) and Piscataway Township, National Archives at New York City, Camp Kilmer, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Camp_Kilmer&oldid=1106337940. ', Denounced and terrorized by the USSR, given dubious help and used as Cold War propaganda by America, the revolutionaries themselves were given few venues to define their own aims. The camp was also served by the Port Reading branch of the Reading Railroad and the Amboy branch of the Lehigh Valley Railroad. Founded in New Brunswick, NJ in 1955, the American-Hungarian Foundation hosts an extensive library, archive, and museum of folk art. Refugees include Pal P., Ferenc, Maria, Ildiko and Karoly Rath, Arpad and Klara C. and their daughters, Suzie and Judy. During the general strike, these new popular assemblies were the main decision-making bodies in Hungary. In March 1958, Camp Kilmer became Headquarters for the U.S. Army II Corps, the controlling headquarters for United States Army Reserve units across the northeast. substantial deviation. Dix, NJ; this recommendation supports the Army Reserve's nationwide Command and Control restructuring initiative to ( For further rights How Do I File An Equal Employment Opportunity Complaint. Schulman, unfortunately, died in 1989, but his story merits discussion of its own. Many Jewish activists became disillusioned with the Party and joined in the revolution themselves. The success of Operation Safe Haven, set a precedent for the U.S. to respond to humanitarian crises through expanded presidential powers. OR hire a freelance researcher to do further selection for you (a list of researchers is available at: OR check with libraries in your area to see if they hold. Stephenson has since retired from Rutgers. To further support restructuring; the realignment of Fort The U.S. military launched Operation Safe Haven and transported refugees out of Austria by plane and ship; most arrived in New Jersey for immigration processing at Camp Kilmer. "But we feel the same way they do." The book "56 Stories" is a wide-ranging compilation of first-hand accounts and photography, put together by Edith Lauer and the Freedom Fighter 56 History Project. decides to relocate the units from these closed facilities into a new AFRC on Fort Hamilton, NY. PA, and relocation of multiple subordinate units to Pitt USARC, PA; and the closure of five US Army Reserve Centers in At this point, in cooperation with Lewis Webster Jones, President of Rutgers University and David Denker, Assistant Provost,Rutgers made its facilities available and offered an eight-week language immersion program directed by University Chaplain, the Rev. For information see "Look Magazine Photograph Collection, Rights and Restrictions Information. useSpan: true One particular grievance of the students was the mandatory learning of Russian, and the centralized, propaganda-like control of school curriculums. Cook Campus information, see "Rights Information" below and the Rights and Her photo ran on the front pages of newspapers across the United States. President Eisenhower announced the appointment of the Presidents Committee for. 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