utilitarianism child labourutilitarianism child labour

As protective mechanism, human rights equally concern all age groups, including children, who have the same basic human rights as adults. As this work is based exclusively on secondary literature, a lack of empirical data is evident. Copyright 2023 by authors and Scientific Research Publishing Inc. [9] Carroll, A.B. This month, Packers Sanitation Services paid a $1.5 million fine for employing 102 children to work in dangerous meatpacking facility jobs across eight states. [54] Siegfried, P. (2015a): Business Ethics, Sustainability and CSR, Volume 1, AVM Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft, p.135. The benefits and costs of corporate social re-sponsibility. [13] Cheng, B., Ioannou, I. and Serafeim, G. (2014). Kaitlyn Radde. WebUtilitarianism only looks at the utility, not the distribution of it among the members of society. Keywords: Child Labour, Deontology, Utilitarianism, Ethics, Suggested Citation: You have hands, make use of them! Child labour in Artisanal and Small-scale Mining in Tanzania: You Have Hands, Make use of Them! Journal of International Development, 28(7), pp.10131028. (2016). At this point the question has to be raised from which age on children is able to assess their situation correctly and to distinguish right from wrong. The findings may serve companies in particular as a basis for decision-making in the development of their value chains. [70] Wilk, V.A. [online]. [online]. The Stakeholder Theory of the Corpora-tion: Concepts, Evidence, and Implications. The corporation defended itself, arguing it took all the necessary actions to prevent child labor in its procurement. [online]. The Labor Departments wage and hour division recorded a37 percent increasein 2022 in the number of minors employed in violation of the Fair Labor Standards Act, whichoutlawedmost child labor way back in 1938 and imposed strict limits on the rest. Yet, if it does, limited resources result in the fact that the laws are not enforced (Amnesty International, 2016) [69]. But he says that allowing children to work longer hours increases the risk they'll get into car accidents driving in the dark, exhausted and that the jobs these bills allow minors to take are dangerous. Published in: Open Access Library Journal (OALJ) World Development Perspectives, 13, pp.5066. The unemployment rate, which had been falling since 2010,droppedin 2015 to 5 percent, which was then considered full employment. Available at: https://www.theworldcounts.com/challenges [Accessed April 28, 2020]. Business Horizons, 53(5), pp.445-453. Findings: The investigation of child labour in terms of ethics yields conflicting results. The agency called on Congress to increase the maximum penalty for child labor violations, which is currently $15,000. In 2022, that number more than tripled to 3,876, averaging 4.6 per case. [15] CorpAbuse (2020). The firm was sued in 2015 by consumers in California for ignoring human rights crimes performed by its cocoa suppliers. [69] Weiss, J. INDUSTRY INTRODUCTION There is a surprising association between chocolate and child labor in the Cote d'Ivoire. [online]. Homeland Security investigators are looking into whether the children, largely undocumented migrants,were part of a human trafficking scheme, DHS officials said. Accordingly, the likelihood of CL becoming a universal law whose disregard would be considered immoral is extremely remote. When the benefit is derived, we get happy, and those who fail to get the benefit of [22] Gray, K. and Schein, C. (2012). Subcontractors win contracts with low bids and are left to figure out how to cover costs; the Fortune 500 company that hires them really doesnt want to hear about it. Available at: https://downloads.unicef.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/unicef-convention-rights-child-uncrc.pdf?_ga=2.123746762.1370693363.1588103156-190427524.1588103156 [Accessed April 28, 2020]. Certainly HHS must be held accountable for this explosion in illegal child labor. Industrial Psychiatry Journal, 27(1), p.17. The ethical dimensions of global development. , Vol. The exploitative employment of children does not correspond to German ideas of a typical and appropriate childhood and is accordingly never considered desirable as a state to be aspired equally for all children. Availa-ble at: https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/kant.1976.67.issue-1-4/kant.1976.67.1-4.570/kant.1976.67.1-4.570.xml [Accessed April 29, 2020]. [60] The World Bank (2018). Africa is thus be found constituting the lions share of 19.6% of the worlds 153 million children being employed in forced labour. I do not think that government has labor or child labor rights. Drawing on interviews with child welfare caseworkers, Dreier says about two-thirds of these children end up working full-time. Ergo, business decisions should be predicated on ethical considerations, as such behaviour is not only appropriate but also desired by stakeholders (Ibid.). But once theyre assigned to a family, HHS does a poor job keeping track. It isnt just, or even mainly, a matter of employees getting replaced by gig workers. An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation. 10. ed. But Looman says the division is troubled by the fact that investigators are finding more children working in dangerous jobs. [online]. Originality/Value: The examination of child labour from the perspective of deontology and utilitarianism in conjunction with normative stakeholder theory constitutes a novelty in the ethics literature. Its no longer just a Third World practice, or a bad memory fromHow the Other Half Lives. Globalization, child labour and adult unemploy-ment. A rights-based Anderson, E. Is Womens Labor a Commodity? [online]. (2007). Since the action scope of managers is constrained by bounded moral rationality like laws and contracts, the ability to pursue the maxim of the greatest benefit is considerably reduced, which renders the application benefit of this theory in a business context rather detrimental (Donaldson and Dunfee, 1995 [64], Siegfried 2011 [65] ). In-ternational Journal of Child Care and Education Policy, 13(1), p.5. To this end, revelations about products produced by children often lead to boycotts of these (Ballet et al., 2014) [60]. [online]. The dismal view of the future of the working class would eventually be replaced by utilitarianism and socialism. This might also increase the unemployment rate among adults, as more importance is attached to children (Abe and Ogawa, 2017 [62]; Chakraborty and Chakraborty, 2018 [63] ). But national child labor laws prevent children younger than 16 from working more than three hours or after 7 p.m. on school nights, with the exception of farms. c. acting only out of a self-interest. Currently, child labor has become more In 2022, efforts to expand teens' working hours passed in New Jersey but weren't signed into law in two other states. The unemployment rate has since fallen further to, The violations began piling up just as Republican state legislators, many of them newly in the majority, went on the attack against child labor restrictions, pressing in various ways to expand the number of work hours and work settings available to teenagers aged 14 to 17. Multiple Voices for Ethnically Diverse Exceptional Learners. [61] TheWorldCounts (2020). Correspondingly, Figure 1 encapsulates a general outline of global CL facts. The Journal of Development Studies, 44(2), pp.233-257. Utilitarianism says in particular that the right action in any situation is the one that will produce the best outcomes, as measured by impact on everyone involved. J - Labor and Demographic Economics > J1 - Demographic Economics, M - Business Administration and Business Economics ; Marketing ; Accounting ; Personnel Economics > M1 - Business Administration, M - Business Administration and Business Economics ; Marketing ; Accounting ; Personnel Economics > M1 - Business Administration > M14 - Corporate Culture ; Diversity ; Social Responsibility, https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/id/eprint/111403, Child Labour Ethics through the Prism of Utilitarianism and Deontology, Business Ethics and Corporate Social Responsibility. Child Labour. Unacceptable occupational ex-posure to toxic agents among children in Ecuador. WebUtilitarianism: An Introduction 1 Some things appear to be straightforwardly good for people. More than 3,800 children were found to be working at U.S. companies last year in violation of federal law, the Labor Department said Monday in announcing a David Weil, who was Labor Department wage and hour administrator under President Barack Obama and failed to win Senate confirmation to return to that job under President Joe Bidena verycostly defeatdiagnosed this phenomenon in his indispensable 2013 bookThe Fissured Workplace. Worker misclassification is a serious problem, but evidence of a large increase in full-time gig work. (2014). Challenges and perspectives of child labor. Winning the lottery, marrying your true love or securing a desired set of qualifications all seem to be examples of events that improve a persons life. Surely youve heard of Frito-Lay, which makes Cheetos, and General Mills, which makes Lucky Charms and Nature Valley granola bars. One of the most common frameworks in ethical literature is utilitarianism. In Europe it is un ethical activity where as in Asian countries it is moderately . Satisfying stakeholder needs goes beyond mere profit maximisation and requires understanding stakeholder demands. The bad news is that they may have been made with child labor. Utilitarianismis an ethical theory that says that the right thing to do in any situation is whatever will do the most good (that is, whatever will produce the best outcomes) taking into consideration the interests of all concerned parties. Future researchers may also wish to examine and compare legal perspectives on child labour in different regions/countries in order to draw conclusions about possible variations in moral perceptions. In compliance with Kant, companies should only tolerate CL in their GVC if they want it to become a general law. WebIn fact, child labour is defined by the International Labour Organization (2008) as types of work performed by children under 18. (1994). [52] Shumetie, A. and Mamo, K. (2019). [53] Siegfried, P. (2011): Die Bedeutung des Ethischen fr den konomischen Prozess, AVM Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft, p 100. Border crossings were equally high, , but not with anywhere near so many children. Until that happens, abuses will continue. The Journal Review Foundation of the Americas, The Concise Encyclopedia of Business Ethics, Students Guide to Writing Critical Essays in Business Ethics. In contrast, according to a utilitarian sentiment, child labour is ethically justifiable as long as the beneficiaries of the labour are greater in number than the children working or suffering. [4] Amnesty International (2018). story with appropriate fury, creating an interagency task force and pledging better supervision by HHS, but the Democratic-controlled Senate will have to pitch in too, with a more sober investigation than anything we can expect on the House side. With the provision in the Iowa bill that would lessen businesses' civil liability if child laborers got sick, injured or killed on the job, "it's as if they know that kids are going to get hurt. Somebodys got to be the fall guy, and its not such a bad fate. [48] Reath, A. Almost every second child is aged 5 - 11. However, CL might have a negative impact on a company's image, which is likely to cause the opposite situation. Table 1. Child labor, fatal accidents, and violent clashes between artisanal miners and security personnel of large mining firms are recurrent. [online]. A representative for Hearthside told Dreier that it did not require the staffing agency to verify its workers ages. Boston: Pitman. Companies Should Maximize Shareholder Wel-fare Not Market Value. Asian Economic Papers, 17(2), pp.94107. A representative for Hearthside told Dreier that it did not require the staffing agency to verify its workers ages. The problem has grown worse as increasing numbers of children fleeing violence and poverty in Latin America have arrived in the U.S. without parents, officials said. The Journal of Legal Studies, 8(1), pp.103140. Eliminating child labour: The costs and benefits. Future researchers examining the moral evaluation of child labour from the perspective of deontology and utilitarianism should conduct their literature review to a more extensive degree by exploring additional literature databases. [57] SOMO, ALR and LRDP (2017). The utilitarian perspective is perhaps best understood when examined in contrast to rights-based perspectives. [47] Radfar, A., Asgharzadeh, S.A., Quesada, F. and Filip, I. [38] Marques, J. [44] Posner, R.A. (1979). Available at: https://www.unicef.org/protection/files/Child_Labour_and_UNICEF_in_Action.pdf. Laura Strickler is a senior investigative producer and reporter for NBC News. [12] Chen, J.C. and Roberts, R.W. More than 3,800 children were found to be working at U.S. companies last year in violation of federal law, the Labor Department said Monday in announcing a crackdown on child labor. 3, 1-11. As theTimesnotes, the federal government knows these children are here and entrusts them to the Department of Health and Human Services to connect them to sponsoring families. The Global Sourcing and Codes of Conduct Debate: Five Myths and Five Recommendations. World Day Against Child Labour, 12 June. 2, pp. Utilitarians argued, for instance, in favour of rights for women and for people of various races. The Utilitarian Approach assesses an action in terms of its consequences or outcomes; i.e., the net benefits and costs to all stakeholders on an individual level. Heres What Happens When Two Crew Members Are Operating 141 Freight Cars. What? To be the main factors contributing to CL, predominantly present in developing countries. (2008). [online]. WebAlthough child labor has been the norm throughout history, the fact of children working and the difficult conditions under which children work occasionally become more evident. Until that happens, abuses will continue. [28] Hume, D. (2000). As a matter of fact, the employment of children is about the instrumental use of cheap labour and not for the end in itself or the establishment of dignity, rather the opposite. Oxford University Press. [11] Chamarbagwala, R. (2008). p. 471. poverty and the absence of social welfare systems. TIME TO RECHARGE: CORPORATE ACTION AND INACTION TO TACKLE ABUSES IN THE COBALT SUPPLY CHAIN. Kant-Studien, 67(14). Findings: The investigation of child labour in terms of ethics yields conflicting results. But immigrant children are vulnerable to other kinds of labor, too, from construction to meatpacking. As CL being widely prohibited and morally condemned in Western economies (Pierik, 2007) [9], such violations are occurring almost invariably at the lower end of VCs in developing countries (ILO, 2017a) [10]. Consequentialism. https://www.scirp.org/journal/paperinformation.aspx?paperid=107135, Available at SSRN: If you need immediate assistance, call 877-SSRNHelp (877 777 6435) in the United States, or +1 212 448 2500 outside of the United States, 8:30AM to 6:00PM U.S. Eastern, Monday - Friday. Global challenges. These cases represent common types of hazardous-occupation violations found by investigators namely cleaning or operating dangerous machinery. WebChild Labour: An Ethical Assesment This work is based on the application of two ethical theories deontology and , utilitarianism theory, to evaluate CL from an ethics perspective. A deficit, that leads to high opportunity costs accounting to an 11% loss of income per missed school year (UNICEF, 2004) [52], which will deprive the family of higher long-term earnings. Utilitarianism is part of a larger family of consequentialist ethical theoriestheories according to which the rightness or wrongness of actions is determined by their tendency to produce good or bad consequences or outcomes. Child labor issue taken differently in different countries . [43] Pierik, R. (2007). Attempting to assign blame between these two is a fools errand. business ethics (decision making for personal integrity and social responsibility) ethics of DismissTry Ask an Expert Ask an Expert Sign inRegister Sign inRegister Home Ask an ExpertNew My Library Discovery Institutions London School of Business and Finance "All of us together as a society and an economy have to come together and make sure that we are protecting our kids. The more common, and more invisible, problem is that through subcontracting and franchising, large corporations have made the enforcement of labor protections for frontline, low-wage workers other peoples problem. The new measures were announced in the wake of media reports, including by NBC News, on children working grueling jobs in the U.S. A Labor Department investigator photographed a child who worked for Packers Sanitation Services Inc. cleaning a slaughterhouse in Grand Island, Neb. WebIn contrast,according to a utilitarian sentiment, child labour is ethically justi- fiable as long as the beneficiaries of the labour are greater in number than the children working or This concept consists of three formulas, which are elaborated below. It's important to hold employers accountable, "but this is also an issue that is community based. What matters is that General Mills gets off the hook by reassuring theTimesthat it recognizes the seriousness of this situation and will get to the bottom of it. Sununu is weighing a presidential bid in 2024. )Vaughn, L. (2013). Furthermore, shareholders are benefitting from CL in form of higher ROI since production is carried out at low wage costs, the expenditure is thus lower which in turn results in a higher yield (Manda et al., 2003 [45]; Sprinkle and Maines, 2010 [53] ). Since this taking up of work is not determined by the child itself rather directed by other parties, CL thus, likewise regarding the first two formulas, appears to be utterly immoral viewed from the vantage point of Kants three formulas of the categorical imperative. For their part, Hearthside and Forge both assured the, that they obey the law. Social Neuroscience, pp.17. Kant, being considered one of the fathers of universalism (Marques, 2015) [25], holds the categorical imperative as the fundamental principle and moral law of ethical behaviour (Hffe, 1977) [26]. 10% of the worlds child population is affected by CL (The World Counts, 2020) [66], rendering it an issue of global significance. Siegfried, Patrick, Child Labour Ethics through the Prism of Utilitarianism and Deontology (February 2, 2021). (2021): [32] ILO (2017a). People and respect for human rights are at the core of Nestls culture and values. [27] Hffe, O. Can the subaltern speak? Legislating the Moral Law. This of course includes slavery, prostitution, debt bondage and pornography or any other sectors or works that are Beyond Utilitarianism and Deontology: Ethics in Eco-nomics. WebChild Labour: An Ethical Assesment This work is based on the application of two ethical theories, deontology and utilitarianism theory, to evaluate CL from an ethics perspective. Purpose: Grounded in the theoretical concepts of utilitarianism and deontology, this paper aims to evaluate the issue of child labour from an ethics (1996). However, although these overarching standards have been ratified by a number of economies, in particularly developing countries, lacking national legal prohibitions on child labour. These restrictions had become too, cumbersome, New Hampshire Deputy Labor Commissioner Rudolph Ogden explained to, . Over the previous decade, the number of minors employed in violation of the act was up 140 percent. Beyond that, as being aware of the terrible working conditions their children are exposed to, parents are most likely plagued by accusations and pity (Pierik, 2007) [9]. (1985). It is also often considered as the employment of children who are below a specific legal age (Schrumpf 2004). "We're doing more outreach and education," which helps people recognize violations, says Jessica Looman, principal deputy administrator of the Wage and Hour Division. The subject has been blurred by the source. The End of Cheap Labor: Are Foreign In-vestors Leaving China? Moreover, CL enables customers all over the world to buy low-price products. Child labour not only prevents children from acquiring the skills and education they need for a better future, it also perpetuates poverty and affects national economies through losses in competitiveness, productivity and potential income. Utilitarianism1 takes the view that an action is ethically justifiable if the output is greater than the pain for all concerned (Posner, 1979) [36]. Webtarian sentiment, child labour is ethically justifiable as long as the beneficiaries of the labour are greater in number than the children working or suffering. These now include child labor, a problem everybody thought wed licked a century ago. (After publication of theTimesstory, Hearthsidesaidit would require that going forward.) California Management Review, 47(4), pp.1945. WebUtilitarianism is a consequentialist moral theory that emphasizes efforts to maximize the overall good. "I think they felt that if they could get kids, they would take them.". April 2013, Vol. Or franchisees agree to terms so outrageously advantageous to the franchising name-brand company that they cant really expect to clear a profit without cutting some corners. The agency said it has 600 child labor A Hearthside spokesman said the company will "work collaboratively with the Department of Labor in their investigation and do our part to continue to abide by all local, state and federal employment laws.". [18] Donaubauer, J. and Dreger, C. (2018). 87. (2018). Corporate social responsibility and access to finance. But theres another, more obvious culprit hiding in plain sight. Immigration raids in the early 2000s inadvertently revealed the children of migrant workers employed in meatpacking plants, and advocates like Maki have been concerned about child labor in those facilities ever since. The corporation defended itself, arguing it took all the necessary actions to prevent child labor in its procurement. [55] Siegfried, P. (2015b): Business Ethics, Sustainability and CSR, Volume 2, AVM Akademische Verlagsgemeinschaft,p. See Annex A for additional comments of a rights perspective on CL. It strives to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number while creating the least amount of harm or preventing the greatest amount of suffering. From a deontological perspective, child labour can never be ethical and should always be rejected as it is not wanted to become a general law. [56] Sinnott-Armstrong, W. (2014). In the midst of the 19th century, child labor became more visible because children were drawn into an industrial setting. [49] Reath, A. [7] Bentham, J. Purpose: Grounded in the theoretical concepts of utilitarianism and deontology, this paper aims to evaluate the issue of child labour from an ethics perspective. Table 1 allows a preliminary overview of both concepts. Also, poor children deprived of the moral rights. (With exceptions for farm families, child actors, and a few others, child labor under age 14 is illegal.) Additionally, CL often times seems to be the best alternative under given circumstances. A rights-based perspective might say that it is wrong to hire children to do difficult labour, such as working in a factory or in a cotton field. Youve never heard of Hearthside? Design/Methodology/Approach: The author uses a literature review in order to analyze the findings of existing literature on the topic of child labour in an ethics context, thereby drawing on literature, indexed in Web of Science and Google Scholar by employing forward and backward citation analysis. Journal of Economics, 125(1), pp.6995. Tersely said, the remainder of this essay is devoted to assessing the ethics of CL by, inter alia, identifying relevant stakeholders and the implications of CL on them. Available at: https://www.un.org/en/events/childlabourday/background.shtml [Accessed April 28, 2020]. This repository has been built using EPrints software. Utilitarianism provides Utilitarianism can be assigned to the theories of consequentialism, according to which the moral correctness of an action depends solely on the actual consequences of that action (Sinnott-Armstrong, 2014) [37]. [23] Greene, J.D. Accordingly, classical utilitarianism is a hedonistic concept which assumes that there are measurable amounts of joy and pain. story, the role of fall guy is assumed largely by Hearthside Food Solutions. Maki says he and other advocates aren't against safe, part-time work for teens, where "they can learn work ethic and work skills.". This dichotomy is likewise the rationale behind the choice of these two theories to enrich the significance of the results by additionally including an important corrective for the quantifying cost-benefit balance of a utilitarian ethic (Van Staveren, 2007) [24]. In business contexts, utilitarianism implies an obligation for businesses to do what they can to act in a way that maximizes happiness and minimizes suffering. WebAccording to utilitarianism, child labour is a morally wrong action because it only brings negative consequences to the victims children in this context because it engages children to work that is mentally, physically, socially or morally dangerous for them. Consequentialism, as an ethical theory, is concerned only with the consequences of an action. Nestl, a leading food and beverage business with headquarters in Switzerland, is a good example. The Categorical Imperative and Kant's Conception of Practical Rationality. [21] Gawronski, B. and Beer, J.S. The increase in unlawful child labor cases has come as the number of migrant minors entering U.S. border custody without their parents has reached record Child labor violations have been on the rise since 2015 after declining for years, according to data from the U.S. Over the past half-century, the economy has quietly reorganized itself to separate large, respectable corporations from low-wage worker bees. By Chris MacDonald and Alexei Marcoux WebAccording to Utilitarianism, the right action or policy is the one that will produce the greatest net benefits or the lowest net costs. To ease labor shortages, lawmakers in some states have introduced legislation to loosen child labor laws, including in some of the most dangerous jobs. In Zalta, E. N. (editor) The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press. children in this case. WebChild Labour: An Ethical Assesment. Basically, socio-economic and cultural disparities are a significant determinant of the defined nature of CL (Blanchett and Shealey, 2013) [1], being responsible for the. Available at: https://www.safaribooksonline.com/library/view//9781626561427/?ar [Accessed April 29, 2020]. [51] Shoemaker, D.W. (1999). Limitations and Future Research Directions. In consent, Pierik (2007) [9] expounds by referring to culturally diverse concepts of childhood. WebChild labour is generally defined as employment of children on a sustained and regular basis. They're often harvesting fruits and vegetables. Determining responsibility for hiring underage workers, like determining responsibility for anything else that affects low-wage workers, is a game of. For an optimal experience visit our site on another browser. Child Labour Ethics through the Prism of Utilitarianism and Deontology. Youve never heard of Hearthside? PSSI is not a target of that investigation and has not been accused of wrongdoing by DHS. The Journal of Values-Based Leadership, 8, p.Art. The violations began piling up just as Republican state legislators, many of them newly in the majority, went on the attack against child labor restrictions, pressing in various ways to expand the number of work hours and work settings available to teenagers aged 14 to 17.

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