admiral byrd antarctic treatyadmiral byrd antarctic treaty

All rights reserved. After the war, Byrd volunteered to be a crew member in the U.S. Navy's 1919 aerial transatlantic crossing. After a further summer of exploration, the expedition returned to North America on June 18, 1930. This assignment brought Byrd into contact with high-ranking officials and dignitaries, including then Assistant Secretary of the Navy Franklin Roosevelt. Several sailors died while trying to save their shipmates. Military and civilian scientific collaboration characterized Americas polar initiatives in the 1950s. From the time humans began pushing the boundaries of polar exploration in the early twentieth century, concerned nation-states have sought to translate polar presence into strategic advantage. Reuters, January 30; Seethi K (2021) Russia, the United States, and Churning Arctic Geopolitics. They had difficulty gaining enough altitude, and they had to dump empty gas tanks, as well as their emergency supplies, to achieve the altitude of the Polar Plateau, but they were ultimately successful.[34]. In 1930, Byrd was awarded a gold medal by Kane Lodge.[48][49]. On December 8, 1954, Byrd appeared on the television show Longines Chronoscope. Byrd Elementary School on April 5, 1960. These laws generally apply only to their own citizens, wherever they are in Antarctica, and serve to enforce the consensus decisions of the consultative parties: about which activities are acceptable, which areas require permits to enter, what processes of environmental impact assessment must precede activities, and so on. The area on the mainland between 90 degrees west and 150 degrees west is the only major land on Earth not claimed by any country. In 1926 with Floyd Bennett as pilot, and Byrd, acting as navigator, he made the first . After the Second World War, the U.S. considered establishing a claim in Antarctica. Byrd's ambition was dashed by then acting Secretary of the Navy Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., who felt the risks outweighed the potential rewards. This article was produced by the Reuters Fact Check team. To this end, the United States now stations special deputy U.S. By the time IGY 19578 came around, the event had become a scientific Olympics of sorts, involving 60,000 scientistsfrom 67 countries in a worldwide enterprise of data collection, analysis, and exchange.38)Collis C & Dodds K (2008) Assault on the Unknown: The Historical and Political Geographies of International Geophysical Year (19578). In January 1946, Admiral Richard Byrd ordered the brand-new aircraft carrier Philippine Sea to turn into the wind and six huge propeller-powered long-range Douglas Skytrain cargo planes were. The earths polar regions have enjoyed a strategic resurgence over the past decade. As a result of his achievement, Byrd was promoted to the rank of rear admiral by a special act of Congress on December 21, 1929. On the other side of the world, British explorers Sir Ernest Shackleton and Robert Falcon Scott as well as Norways Roald Amundsen became household names in the 1910s after leading famous excursions into Antarctica. Before the rejection, on August 28, 1948, the United States proposed to the claimant countries some form of internationalization of Antarctica, and this was supported by the United Kingdom. This suggestion has been challenged by Dennis Rawlins, who adds that the sextant data in the long-unavailable original official typewritten report are all expressed to 1 second, a precision not possible on Navy sextants of 1926 and not the precision of the sextant data in Byrd's diary for 1925 or the 1926 flight, which was normal (half or quarter of a minute of arc). Christopher L Byrd is associated with Sal E Mander Enterprises Llc. False; Hvac Template. Balchen, whose knowledge of Arctic flight operations proved invaluable, was the primary pilot on Byrd's flight to the South Pole in 1929. Chile responded by presenting a plan to suspend all Antarctic claims for five to ten years, while negotiating a final solution, but this did not find acceptance. Social media users are sharing images which they claim show top secret photographs from Admiral Byrds Antarctic expedition where traces of a lost ancient civilization can be seen. He was succeeded on September 1, 2009, by Manfred Reinke (Germany). Antarctic Treaty sites: . Report of the Adjutant General of Rhode Island. On June 8, 1912, Byrd graduated from the Naval Academy and was commissioned an ensign in the United States Navy. [46] He was buried in Arlington National Cemetery. The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements, collectively known as the Antarctic Treaty System (ATS), regulate international relations with respect to Antarctica, Earth's only continent without a native human population. Science in Antarctica; Aeronomy; Astrophysics; Biology . He would later name a region of Antarctic land he discovered "Marie Byrd Land" after her, and a mountain range, the Ames Range, after her father. Having completed the first powered flight over the North Pole in 1926a feat that earned him the U.S. Congressional Medal of Honorrenowned naval aviator Richard E. Byrd channeled his public fame into financing the largest expedition to Antarctica ever attempted. I have to warn my compatriots that the time has ended when we were able to take refuge in our isolation and rely on the certainty that the distances, the oceans, and the poles were a guarantee of safety.[42][43]. A large explosion at sea on October 7, 1943 took the lives of 24 Concord crewmen, including the executive officer, Commander Rogers Elliott. I want people to question their beliefs, examine their assumptions, and take stock of the changing media landscape and how these new technologies can be used for harm as well as good, Boucher said. As Byrd's image is on both the first and second Byrd Antarctic Expedition Medals, he was the only American entitled to wear two medals with his own image on them. Personnel present on Antarctica at any time are always citizens or nationals of some sovereignty outside Antarctica, as there is no Antarctic sovereignty. His wise counsel, sound advice and foresight in planning constituted a material contribution to the war effort and to the success of the United States Navy. In this event, 66 countries participated. All quotes delayed a minimum of 15 minutes. With the approval of President Truman and Secretary of the Navy James Forrestal, the Navy began planning the Antarctic Development Project (codenamed Operation Highjump) to be completed between 1946 and 1947.17)Letter, Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson (1949) 30 August, Box 207, Folder 7345, Byrd Papers. In all assignments his thoroughness, attention to detail, keen discernment, professional judgment and zeal produced highly successful results. From 1942 to 1945 he served on the South Pacific Island Base Inspection Board, which toured bases in the South Pacific in May and June 1942. The Arctic Institute is a 501(c)3 tax exempt nonprofit organisation with a network of researchers across the world. As fate would have it, Byrd missed his train to take him to the airship on August 24, 1921. 1917. Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, International Council of Scientific Unions, Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora, Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Seals, Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, Convention on the Regulation of Antarctic Mineral Resource Activities, Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty, South African Citizens in Antarctica Act, 1962, "ATS Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty", "Falkland Islands Dependencies (Hope Bay Incident)", "Historia y Arqueologa Martima. Moreover, it was the first Navy-led expedition to Antarctic waters in nearly a century.18)Rose (2008) Explorer, 42730; (1947) Byrd Expedition ReturnOperation Highjump Remarkable Record. Having ushered mechanical Antarctic exploration into the modern era, Byrd leveraged his position in the U.S. Navy and his myriad political connections to win the support of President Franklin D. Roosevelt, who approved Byrds idea of using government sponsorship to bolster future expeditions. Washington D.C.: Government Printing Office, located in Box 207, Folder 7357, Byrd Papers. The name was changed to R.E. ANTARCTIC TREATY Admiral Byrd was excited about the international cooperation exhibited by the 12 nations that agreed to participate in the International Geophysical Year. Byrd was one of only four American military officers in history entitled to wear a medal with his own image on it. [16], When he returned to the United States from the Arctic, Byrd became a national hero. Byrd was, however, able to make a valuable contribution, as his expertise in aerial navigation resulted in his appointment to plan the flight path of the mission. [11][12], In 1956 and 1958, India tried unsuccessfully to bring the Antarctic issue to the United Nations General Assembly.[6]. In 1921, Byrd volunteered to attempt a solo nonstop crossing of the Atlantic Ocean, prefiguring Charles Lindbergh's historic flight by six years. The Kingdom of Agarttha - Marquis Alexandre Saint-Yves d'Alveydre 2008-08-14 First English translation of the book that introduced the realm of Hollow Earth Explores the underground world of Agarttha, The film shows live-action footage of the operation, along with a few re-enacted scenes. You can contact Christopher L Byrd at 7126 . Frustrated by parochial American strategic polar planning confined to the Alaskan theater of operations, he argued that with the technological inroads made during Highjump I, the use of Greenlands ice cap for military and civil occupation was no longer a pipedream. Letter, Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Secretary of the Navy Francis P. Matthews (1949) 20 September, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers. The establishment of a very definite and aggressive policy of exploration and use in those areas, they concluded, [is] considered desirableby the United States.16)Rose L (2009) Assault on Eternity: Richard E. Byrd and the Exploration of America, 194647. Photographs can be seen on Getty Images (here). Action Date: August 27 December 5, 1943. Some news outlets reported President Trumans rumored dislike of Admiral Byrd as a reason for Highjump IIs cancellation. ATS 13 of 1938. The United States Antarctic Service Expedition was only the second government sponsored journey to the Antarctic in 100 years. In 1927, the Boy Scouts of America made Byrd an Honorary Scout, a new category of scout created that same year. The article links to a book called Mysterious Antarctica published by Lost Books in Canada (here). Navy Book of Distinguished Service. [4] Byrd and Bennett said they reached the North Pole, a distance of 1,535 miles (1,335 nautical miles). Upon its return from a survey of South Pole waters, a U.S. Coast Guard helicopter lands on the icebreaker Northwind during Operation Highjump, a Navy Antarctic Expedition conducted during the Austral summer of 194647. He was raised (became a Master Mason) in Federal Lodge No. The war fought through the Arctic during WWII was essentially a tactical weather war waged for control of high-latitude meteorological weather stations whose data could predict patterns affect[ing] crucial operations in the theaters of war in central Europe. Testimonial; Make Free A; Good Of Certificate Standing; New. Journal of Historical Geography 44:68. [6] Its goals were to train military personnel and to test materiel in conditions of extreme cold for a hypothetical war in the Antarctic. Educate the public about the Antarctic Treaty which preserves an entire continent for peaceful scientific study and international cooperation. [38][39][40], Under the South African Citizens in Antarctica Act, 1962, South African law applies to all South African citizens in Antarctica, and they are subject to the jurisdiction of the magistrate's court in Cape Town. 2003; 21:409. He was assigned state membership number 605 and national membership number 50430. His concept of Antarctica as "the great white continent of peace" was a prelude to the Antarctic Treaty. He carried the society's flag during his first Antarctic expedition to dramatize the spirit of adventure into the unknown, characterizing both the natural and social sciences.[36][37]. The expedition would be led by Admiral Richard E. Byrd. In the performance of his duty Rear Admiral Byrd served in the Navy Department and in various areas outside the continental limits of the United States, employed on special missions on the fighting fronts in Europe and the Pacific. The main objectives of the expedition, according to the Navy report, were essentially to: train personnel and test equipment in frigid conditions, consolidate areas over the Antarctic, determine feasibility of developing . Brought to you by Robert Byrd Breyer, Admiral Byrd's oldest grandson. Boucher said he chose to leave the watermarks on the images, because he said the aim of the Medium article, the book and the images is satirical and educational. [36][37] Dr. Marks died while wintering over at the United States' AmundsenScott South Pole Station located at the geographic South Pole. With research conducted during Highjump II, glacial highways could be developed for logistics support with improved surface transport equipment; extreme weather missions would simulate war-time operations and conditions; and pilots would learn to make forced landings in Arctic conditions. Chief of Naval Operations to Secretary of Defense, Importance of Operation Highjump to our National Security (1949) 29 August, Box 206, Folder 7331, Byrd Papers. In 1931, Byrd became a compatriot of the Tennessee Society of the Sons of the American Revolution. Letter, Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson (1949) 30 August, Box 207, Folder 7345, Byrd Papers. On his second expedition in 1934, Byrd spent five winter months alone operating a meteorological station, Advance Base, from which he narrowly escaped with his life after suffering carbon monoxide poisoning from a poorly ventilated stove. In 1946, the U.S. military initiated the Strategic Air Command (SAC), whose bombers flew continuous missions along the northern borders of Alaska, Canada and Greenland as a deterrent against Soviet attack. Greenland, considered by some strategists to be the worlds largest stationary aircraft carrier, housed Thule Air Force Basea secret facility capable of projecting military power into the Arctic far easier than anywhere on the American mainland. The text in the eBook is around 50% AI generated by using open source text AI models called Fairseq & GPT-NeoX, Boucher said (textsynth.com/playground.html). Still, the militarys departure from Antarctic Development Projects in the early 1950s did not represent a wholesale neglect of polar security; strands of Byrds thinking were adopted by the national security establishment in various waysalbeit mostly in the Arctic. However, the images were created by artificial intelligence and do not show historic photographs of the expedition. (480) 407-6400. Name. After a few follow-up expeditions in the 1930s, Admiral Byrd launched Operation Highjump in 1946, sending 13 ships and 33 aircraft to the White Continent for exploration, research, mapping . After their first winter, their expeditions were resumed, and on November 28, 1929, the first flight to the South Pole and back was launched. The rest of the men returned to base camp with the tractor. [34], The law of the United States, including certain criminal offences by or against U.S. nationals, such as murder, may apply to areas not under jurisdiction of other countries. After flying some distance beyond this point he returned to his base at Little America. On March 31, 1934, during a regularly scheduled broadcast, Admiral Byrd was awarded the CBS Medal for Distinguished Contribution to Radio. The mission was to organize two field bases from . Byrd received numerous medals from nongovernmental organizations in honor of his achievements. During Byrd's assignment to Dolphin, she was commanded by future Fleet Admiral William D. Leahy, who served as chief of staff to President Franklin D. Roosevelt during World War II. By the 1950s, the United States and Canada began collaborating in continental defense by sharing Arctic research and scientific data. The second-southernmost base is the Chinese Kunlun Station at 802502S during the summer season, and the Russian Vostok Station at 782750S during the winter season. 3 at Washington. Byrd's Fairchild FC-2W2, NX8006, Stars And Stripes, is on display at the Virginia Aviation Museum located on the north side of the airport, on loan from the National Air and Space Museum in Washington, DC. Tomorrow we may! Birth. Byrd was posthumously eligible for the Antarctic Service Medal, established in 1960, for his participation in the Antarctic expeditions Operation Highjump (1946 to 1947) and Operation Deep Freeze (1955 to 1956). On September 22, 1949just before its intended departureHighjump II was cancelled by civilian Undersecretary of the Navy Dan Kimball.22)Letter, Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Deputy Secretary of Defense Stephen T. Early (1949) 27 September, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers; Rose L (2008) Explorer, 43132. With over 6,000,000 square miles of land, Byrd claimed Antarctica was probably the best [cold weather] proving grounds in the world for the testing of guided missiles.25)Letter, Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Chief of Naval Operations Admiral Louis E. Denfield (1948) 7 August, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers; Importance of Operation Highjump to our National Security (1949) Byrd Papers. On December 2, 1946, U.S. According to several historians, World War II was waged partly in the Arctic4)The war fought through the Arctic during WWII was essentially a tactical weather war waged for control of high-latitude meteorological weather stations whose data could predict patterns affect[ing] crucial operations in the theaters of war in central Europe. As he was only 41 years old at the time, this promotion made Byrd the youngest admiral in the history of the United States Navy. Their collective success initiated two decades of intermittent research and exploratory expeditions at earths extremes.8)Shackleton was most famous for conducting a daring rescue of his shipmates after their vessel, The Endurance, became trapped in the ice. This distinction was given to "American citizens whose achievements in outdoor activity, exploration, and worthwhile adventure are of such an exceptional character as to capture the imagination of boys ".[50]. Read more about our fact-checking work here . Concurrently, before his death, plans were devised for what became Admiral Byrds final actthe organization of Navy Task Force 43 to support international scientific efforts in preparation for the International Geophysical Year (IGY) 19551956.35)Chronology of Events During Operation Deep Freeze (September 1954April 1960) Box 207, Folder 7365, Byrd Papers. Follow this treaty acceding nations from admiral byrd antarctica treaty is that admiral byrd was crossing from what happens on, antarctica that are . That year, Norway formally laid claim to the area between its Queen Maud Land and the South Pole. Journal of Historical Geography 44:62.World War III, it was long assumed, would be.5)Mulvaney K (2001) At the Ends of the Earth: A History of the Polar Regions. Wisconsin International Law Journal. Byrd completed the Special Mission in December and participated in the United States Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS) in 1944-1945. Talking about the recently completed expedition, Byrd said that the most important result of his observations and discoveries is the potential effect that they have in relation to the security of the United States. Journal of Historical Geography 34: 555. He was one of the recipients of the Langley Gold Medal, which is awarded by the Smithsonian Institution for outstanding achievement in aviation. Rear Admiral Byrd did much toward the difficult task of organizing the expedition, which was accomplished in one fourth of the time generally necessary for such undertakings. As the United States assumed an increasingly inimical posture towards the Soviet Union after World War II, polar experts like renowned naval pilot and polar explorer Rear Admiral Richard E. Byrd made American policymakers aware of the pitfalls of ignoring Arctic and Antarctic interests in the nations long-term planning. With the approval of the Chief of Naval Operations, the expedition sought to emphasize polar survival techniques, assess cold-weather equipment, and build on progress made between 194647. [54], Byrd was inducted into the International Air and Space Hall of Fame at the San Diego Air and Space Museum in 1968.[55]. Portrait of American naval commander and explorer Rear Admiral Richard E Byrd , as he poses in front of a map of Antarctica, March 15, 1956. Byrd was the sixth individual to receive this award.[51]. Memorandum, Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Colonel McKinley (1951) 23 March, Box 207, Folder 7346, Byrd Papers. King. Draft, Presentation to the Joint Chiefs of Staff on the Value of Operation Highjump II to National Defense (Undated) Box 206, Folder 7331, Byrd Papers. However, the treaty does not restrict tourists and researchers from visiting the place for exploration and research. [13] During this expedition, Byrd made the acquaintance of Navy Chief Aviation Pilot Floyd Bennett and Norwegian pilot Bernt Balchen. Byrd, along with Machinist Floyd Bennett, was presented with the Medal of Honor by President Calvin Coolidge on March 5, 1927. Letter, Admiral Richard E. Byrd to Deputy Secretary of Defense Stephen T. Early (1949) 27 September, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers; Rose L (2008). His words serve as a timely reminder that strategic competition at one end of the earth is almost always intricately bound to the other. Byrd did not mince words in his defense of Highjump II. [3], The main treaty was opened for signature on December 1, 1959, and officially entered into force on June 23, 1961. The Antarctic Treaty; Full Antarctic Treaty; Science. [28], Once again, Byrd named Floyd Bennett as his chief pilot, with Norwegian Bernt Balchen, Bert Acosta, and Lieutenant George Noville as other crewmembers. [4] It was the largest Antarctic expedition to date and was expected to last 68 months. 51 of 1997. On May 9, 1926, Byrd and Navy Chief Aviation Pilot Floyd Bennett attempted a flight over the North Pole in a Fokker F.VIIa/3m tri-motor monoplane named Josephine Ford after the daughter of Ford Motor Company president Edsel Ford, who helped finance the expedition. Experts began predicting ice-free Arctic summersa harbinger of modern climate deteriorationand warned of future conditions that would fundamentally alter the whole economic and strategic structure of the country.32)Doel R, Friedman R, Lajus J, Srlin S & Wrkberg U (2014) Strategic Arctic Science: National Interests in Building Natural KnowledgeInterwar Era Through the Cold War. Admiral Byrd: "An Area As Big As The United States on the Other Side of the South Pole" According most flat earthers, there's no such thing as the continent of Antarctica. He has hiked, camped, and climbed from . Below you see Top Secret Lost Photos from Admiral Byrds Antarctic Expedition. During service in the Caribbean Sea, Byrd received his first letter of commendation, and later a Silver Lifesaving Medal, for twice plunging fully clothed to the rescue of a sailor who had fallen overboard. Byrd, along with pilot Bernt Balchen, co-pilot/radioman Harold June, and photographer Ashley McKinley, flew the Floyd Bennett to the South Pole and back in 18 hours, 41 minutes. Byrd commanded the aviation unit of the arctic expedition to North Greenland led by Donald B. MacMillan from June to October 1925. In an obituary prepared after Byrds death in 1957 by one of his children, they observed: Incidentally, one of the [American Antarctic] bases is in the heart of Marie Byrd Land which my Dad discovered and named after his wife and which may be the largest land in the world named after a woman. Untitled obituary draft (Undated) Box 207, Folder 7399, Admiral Richard E. Byrd Papers, Byrd Polar Research Center Archives, The Ohio State University [hereafter Byrd Papers]. Washington D.C.: Island Press, 78. By the time he died, Byrd had amassed 22 citations and special commendations, nine of which were for bravery and two for extraordinary heroism in saving the lives of others. Collis C & Dodds K (2008) Assault on the Unknown: The Historical and Political Geographies of International Geophysical Year (19578). Six of Americas battleships and three of its Essex-class carriers could not fit through the Panama Canal; in the event of a Russian strike on the canal itself, control of the waters between Cape Horn and Antarcticaareas traversed and explored by previous Antarctic expeditionswould be critical for operational maneuverability.24)Chief of Naval Operations to Secretary of Defense, Importance of Operation Highjump to our National Security (1949) 29 August, Box 206, Folder 7331, Byrd Papers. He was second-in-command to Admiral Richard E. Byrd's first Antarctic expedition of 1929-1930. (Coincidentally, in 1925, then Army Air Service Reserve Corps Lieutenant Charles Lindbergh had applied to serve as a pilot on Byrd's North Pole expedition, but apparently, his bid came too late. At the ICSU meeting in Stockholm from September 9 to 11, 1957, the creation of a Special Committee for Antarctic Research (SCAR) was approved, inviting the twelve countries conducting Antarctic investigations to send delegates to integrate the committee, with the purpose of exchanging scientific information among its members regarding Antarctica. . Gardner to Senator Walter F. George (1949) 6 October, Box 206, Folder 7328, Byrd Papers. The danger of the Cold War spreading to that continent caused the President of the United States, Dwight D. Eisenhower, to convene an Antarctic Conference of the twelve countries active in Antarctica during the International Geophysical Year, to sign a treaty. In the distance are other ships of Task Force 68. The expedition continued in Antarctica without him until the last of its participants left Antarctica on March 22, 1941. Foremost among these thinkers, Byrd reflected in 1945: At the moment we do not feel that we need the resources of Antarctica. [19] The consultative members include the 7 countries that claim portions of Antarctica as their territory. General Orders: Letter Dated August 6, 1926. While most histories of the Cold Wars polar dimensions focus on Arctic developments, this article illustrates the concomitant and symbiotic relationship of American Antarctic expeditions that, it was hoped, would enhance American polar capabilities in the advent of war with the USSR. The members of the Special Navy Mission sailed from Balboa, Canal Zone, on USS Concord (CL-10), Captain Irving Reynold Chambers, commanding, in September 1943. He received the society's War Service Medal for his service during the First World War. Admiral Byrd was famed for going to the North and South Poles and obtaining the Congressional Medal of Honor. Isis 104(1): 129. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 41. Appointed from: Virginia. Journal of Historical Geography 44:7071. The Antarctic Treaty's Diamond Anniversary The Antarctic Sun. According to Hollow Earth theorists, Byrd met ancient race underground in the The performance of duty of Rear Admiral Byrd was at all times in keeping with the highest traditions and reflected credit upon himself and the United States Naval Service. Richard E. Byrd's Antarctic credentials come from his five expedition to Antarctica from 1928 - 1955 but long before that, in 1912, he had learned to fly as an officer in the U.S. Navy and contributed a number of firsts in that field. The article says: Thanks to a source who wishes to remain nameless, we had the opportunity to view a large and compelling image collection of never before seen and highly top secret photos from Byrds many missions. His belief to have reached the North Pole is disputed. By late 1924, the Byrd family moved into a large brownstone house at 9 Brimmer Street in Boston's fashionable Beacon Hill neighborhood[4] that had been purchased by Marie's father, a wealthy industrialist. Great power competition in Antarctica, too, is on the rise. For example, the Antarctic Conservation Act, Public Law 95-541, 16U.S.C. ", "Treaty between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic on cooperation in the maritime areas adjacent to the French Southern and Antarctic Territories (TAAF), Heard Island and the McDonald Islands (Canberra, 24 November 2003) ATS 6 of 2005, "Agreement on Cooperative Enforcement of Fisheries Laws between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic in the Maritime Areas Adjacent to the French Southern and Antarctic Territories, Heard Island and the McDonald Islands (Paris, 8 January 2007) ATS 1 of 2011, "Welcome to the Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty Website", "Secretariat of the Antarctic Treaty: Parties", "Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty", United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs, "The Antarctic Treaty System: Introduction", "Czech Republic: Succession to Antarctic Treaty", "Papua New Guinea: Succession to Antarctic Treaty", "Russia: Ratification to Antarctic Treaty", "Slovakia: Succession to Antarctic Treaty", Department of International Relations and Cooperation, "Norge utvider Dronning Maud Land helt frem til Sydpolen", "Australian Antarctic Division Australian environmental law and guidelines".

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