The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain Two rival houses (royal families), York and Lancaster, each claimed to have the right to the throne. The king was a member of the house of Lancaster, and many blamed him for the loss of the Hundred He was more interested in pursuing his own pleasures, so he turned the government over to his favorite adviser, Francisco Gmez de Sandoval y Rojas, duke of Lerma (pronounced fran-THES-koh GO-mahth day sahn-doh-VAHL ee RO-hahs; 15531625). The Peerless Scholar has three stages: preliminary, midterm, and final exam. A significant development in all three of these monarchies was the rise of nationalism, or pride in and loyalty to one's homeland, which was a distinctive feature of the Renaissance period. He had not secured all of the anchors, so some ships drifted in the water and left an opening for a squadron of English fire ships to move in and set the Armada ablaze. Richelieu died in 1642, and Louis XIII died a few months later. Trait 3: +20% Hospital Recovery Rate. Henry was having a secret affair with Boleyn, and he hoped she might bear him a son. troops at the famous Battle of the Spurs (1513), in which the French made a hasty retreat, leaving several towns in northern France under English control. By the mid-eighteenth century, virtually all of the world, including the continents of the Americas, became known to Europeans. then had a falling-out because Louis XII also claimed a right to rule in Italybecause his grandmother, Valentina Visconti, was a daughter of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, duke of Milan. Elizabeth was followed by James VI of Scotland, who became King James I of England (ruled 160325). Although the fiercest fighting over African colonies would not occur until the eighteenth century, English and French expeditions managed to take control of various slaving stations along the coast of Africa. The court burned hundreds of Huguenots (French Protestants) at the stake. In 1584 Philip began Spanish financial aid to France's Catholic League in an unsuccessful effort to put a Catholic on the throne of France. While Charles was securing his empire in Western Europe, his military generalscalled the conquistadorswere winning tremendous lands and wealth in the Americas. Clearly there were some key conflicting interests that needed to be addressed. A skilled diplomat, Cavour secured an alliance with France. The marriage contract stated that Ferdinand and Isabella would rule their own kingdoms and that Aragon and Castile were not to be merged. Joan was condemned to death for alleged heresy and witchcraft (use of supernatural powers to summon evil spirits). At the bottom were serfs (peasants), who farmed the fiefs but were not given land of their own. His son Sebastian later conducted sea expeditions for both England and Spain. and defeating England in the Hundred Years' War. That year an assassin killed William of Orange in his home in Delft. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. The Rise of the Modern (Idea of the) State DANIE F. M. STRAUSS A BSTRACT Some of the main contours of the development of Western society from ancient Greece and through the medieval era up to the rise of the modern state constitute the substance of this article. The Hundred Years' War was not actually a single war that In Spain, the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile laid the foundation for an immense empire by uniting several independent provinces. Cranmer was dismissed from office and placed under house arrest, while Reginald Pole (15001558) was brought back to England to take the archbishop's place. Marco Polo. The policy of the French monarchy was to suppress Protestantism at home while supporting it abroad as a counterbalance to Habsburg power. Germany A learned man himself, James wrote two studies of political theory, The True Law of Free Monarchy (1598) and Baslikon doron ("Royal gift"; 1599). Called Protector, Somerset virtually ruled England for several years, but he found it difficult to deal with several rebellions that broke out in 1549. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom?. The great abbeys (churches connected with monasteries) were suppressed one by one in the next few years. But the discovery of a 11 unique nations and growing: You can choose to become either Rome, Germany, Britain, France, Spain, China, Japan, Korea, Arabia, Ottoman or Byzantium and start building your own city to become the most powerful one in the kingdom!Each nation has its own unique pros and cons. To counter the Spanish offensive, Francis planned for Swiss troops in the employ of Clement VII and Venice to attack Spanish holdings on the Italian peninsula. On the very day of Cromwell's death Henry married Catherine Howard (c. 15201542). Finally, he became so obsessed by his rivalry with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V that he lost all sense of proportion, spending heavily on unsuccessful wars against Spain. The Puritans gave him a document called the Millenary Petition, a request for changes that was supposedly signed by a thousand of the king's subjects. Growing bolder in their quest for riches, these countries attacked Portuguese and Spanish treasure ships wherever they could find themin the Caribbean, along the Spanish-American coast, and in the English Channel. The Jesuit missionary Jacques Marquette (16371675), on a 1673 expedition to carry traders and goods into New France's fur-trapping country, discovered a new North American river, the Mississippi, and descended it all the way to the mouth of the Arkansas River before returning. Establishes Anglican Church Henry VIII is best known today for establish ing the Anglican Church (Church of England) after the pope refused to let him get a divorce from his first wife. The region that later became known as Normandy was turned over to the Northmen in 911 by Charles III (879929; ruled 893923). Protestant leaders looked to the queen's half-sister, Elizabeth, as a possible Protestant replacement. Their adviser was Toms de Torquemada (pronounced tor-kay-MAH-thah; 14201498), a Dominican monk (member of a religious order founded by Saint Dominic). In 1530 Clement VII officially crowned Charles V as Holy Roman Emperor. This success was due to able military leadership, development of a full-time professional army, and a taxation system that supported the army. The Cortes of Castile announced that, before they would approve any funds, Charles had to give Spain priority over the Holy Roman Empire. Henry and Anne Boleyn had been secretly married in January, and their daughter Elizabeth was born the following September. Louis's mother, Marie de Mdicis (15191589), acted as regent (interim ruler) in the early years of his reign. The English colonies, especially in the South, would later establish a plantation economy, producing chiefly tobacco and cotton, that relied heavily on the use of African slaves. As a result, many Jews fled from the region. Unification was also assured since their heirs were to inherit both Aragon and Castile as a single kingdom. The execution of the Catholic queen was a signal to Philip that he must seize the throne of England. Cromwell was eager to form an alliance against Charles V by joining England with one of the Protestant states in Germany. Henry Tudor (14571509), earl of Richmond, became the champion of those who felt that Richard had wrongly taken the throne. Territory that is now France was invaded by tribes from Scandinavia (Norway, Denmark, and Sweden). The following year he established an Inquisition court at Granada, a heavily Muslim province, as a final effort to force Moriscos to accept Christianity or leave Spain. After this bloody victory, while looting the city, Henry first glimpsed the riches of African trade that had come from the Indies: cinnamon, pepper, cloves, ginger, and other spices. Shortly after the new monarchs reached Spain in 1506, Philip suddenly died. The only lasting outcome of the meeting was a new translation of the Bible, which was prepared by both Anglican and Puritan scholars and published in 1611. Increasingly, Wolsey handled state affairs; he became archbishop of York in 1514, chancellor and representative to the papacy (office of the pope) in 1515. Shortly after becoming king, Henry enacted a pro-Spanish and anti-French policy. Royal Family of United Kingdom. In 1587, even before the Armada could set out, the English seaman Francis Drake (c. 15401596) launched a surprise attack on the Spanish ships, which were anchored in the port of Cdiz, Spain. Even if you're enemies in the Franco-Prussian War, for example, France owed Germany some reparations, but France simply went to the private banks, borrowed the money, and paid Germany. Ten years later, France declared bankruptcy (a lack of funds to pay bills). The next in line was their daughter Joanna (14791555), who was married to Philip I of Austria (14781506), son of Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I. Ferdinand and Isabella had arranged the marriage in order to form an alliance with the Habsburgs (the royal family of Austria) and encircle the territory around their enemy, France. During her long reign Renaissance ideas dominated literature. Cartier's voyages never took him farther west than the site of modern-day Montreal, Canada, but his thorough exploration and charting of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence led the way for further exploration by one of his countrymen, Samuel de Champlain (c. 15671635). They did not inflict any serious damage, so on August 6 the Armada anchored at Calais (a French town on the Strait of Dover on the Channel) to await reinforcements. The forerunner to the European explorers was the Venetian traveler Marco Polo (12541324). https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain, "The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain But in this second war, which began in 1527, Charles was destined to win an even greater victory. Among them were Leonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto Cellini, and Andrea del Sarto. Genoa fell to his naval forces, led by admiral Andrea Doria (14661560). He disliked having Philip, a foreign prince, on a Spanish throne. The Spanish had rights to all lands west of the longitudinal Line of Demarcation, while Portugal could claim everything to the east. scholars. Many who refused to reject Protestant beliefs continued to worship in underground churches or fled to countries on the European continent. He marched his army through Mexico in 1519 to the Aztec capital of Tenochtitln (modern-day Mexico City). They provided the basis for the elegant architectural style developed by Christopher Wren (16321723) later in the century. 3. The revolt was distracting Charles's attention, so the French were able to move into Navarre and wage war with Spain. For the next eight years Charles increased his power and expanded Habsburg territory. The English were weakened by their loss to the French during the Hundred Years' War. Retrieved February 22, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/rise-monarchies-france-england-and-spain. Question 9. Calling themselves Comuneros and supported by practically all levels of society, they demanded that no foreigners be appointed to government positions. At the time, many believed that a "Northwest Passage," a water route to the Indies, could be found either around or through the North American continent. They spoke different languages belonged to different ethnic groups, were were no close ties binding them. Columbus's ships went off course and he did not reach Asia. Iron. The French king was not confined like most prisoners: He hunted regularly, enjoyed the companionship of his nobleman comrades, and attended numerous dinners given in his honor. Although England was exhausted by the long conflict with France, the Tudor monarchs began a new dynasty after emerging victorious from the War of the Roses, a struggle between two families for the throne of England. Although the secretary had seen slaughter and bloodshed during Irish wars with the English, he reported that he had seen nothing like the carnage that awaited him that autumn day. The cities replaced fiefs as population centers. power of the great feudal lords. from Flanders. In 1470, with the support of King Louis XI of France (14231483, ruled 146183), the house of Lancaster managed to return Henry VI and Margaret to the throne. The Kingdom of Italy was created in. Equipped with longbows and arrows that could pierce French armor, the English defeated the French cavalry. Edward was returned to the throne. Ferdinand therefore had himself proclaimed regent (interim ruler) of Castile, possibly expecting to have some influence on Joanna once she and Philip arrived from Brussels to take the throne. Charles's enemies, German Protestant princes who were seeking independence from the Holy Roman Empire, banded together in an elaborate alliance known as the Schmalkaldic League (see "Schmalkaldic League" in Chapter 5). The German Empire (officially Deutsches Reich) was the historical German nation state that existed from the unification of Germany in 1871 to the abdication of Kaiser Wilhelm II in November 1918, when Germany became a federal republic (the Weimar Republic).. At the same time, the Portuguese were establishing a colonial presence in Brazil, the easternmost part of the South American continent. February 3, 2023. The forty-five-year reign of Elizabeth I was darkened by the executions of her cousin Mary Stuart (Mary, Queen of Scots) and of her favorite courtier, Robert Devereux, earl of Essex. Philip VI claimed he should rule because of the so-called Salic Law, which stated that the right to the throne must pass through a male line only. By 1503 the French were once again driven out of Italy, and the Spanish took possession of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Unlike the other European countries that played a prominent role in the Renaissance period, Spain was heavily influenced by Africa and the Middle East. Henry is now considered the true English Renaissance prince. At the time of his death, the French crown was six million livres in debt. Henry and Margaret fled to Scotland, where she continued her opposition to the house of York. Charles was executed in 1649 and the Puritans took control of the government, bringing about the decline of Renaissance values in England. Francis had grown up in the court of King Louis XII and was called the dauphin. Philip the Fair was followed by three sons, each of whom reigned only briefly and left no direct male heirs. In the 1860s, the Kingdom of Prussia, led by Kaiser Wilhelm I and his prime minister, Otto von Bismarck, initiated a series of conflicts designed to unite the German states under their influence. The English Protestant queen, Elizabeth I, was worried about the Catholic advance in the Low Countries. In order to avenge the slight of not being named emperor, Francis initiated the first of five wars with Spain and the Holy Roman Empire (Charles was head of forces for both Spain and the empire). At the beginning of the seventeenth century, these countries were shifting their attention to the riches of the Indies. One of the most powerful Capetians was William II (c. 10281087), the duke of Normandy, a duchy in northwestern France. Catherine de' Medici (1519-1589) was a Machiavellian politician, wife of Henry II of France, and later rege, A royal house whose members ruled many states of Europe, including France, Navarre, Naples, Sicily, and Spain, which still has a Bourbon member as it, John of Austria In order to reduce the influence of noblemen who had opposed their marriage, the monarchs placed municipal (city) and local governments under royal control. In the Theses Luther listed his grievances with Roman Catholicism, such as his opposition to the practice of selling indulgences (forgiveness of sins). He was the son of Mary, queen of Scots, and Henry Stewart (15451567), who was the grandson of Henry VII. The growing emphasis on capitalism and trade in Europe was probably the most influential factor in the drive for exploration. The conflic, Catherine de' Medici This official church court was charged with finding and punishing pagans and heretics (those who did not adhere to the laws of the church), namely Jews and Muslims. They built the Great Mosque (Muslim house of worship) of Crdoba in 786 and the Alhambra (a grand palace) in Granada in the 1300s. In 1494, the Treaty of Tordesillas between these two countries moved the line farther west, to 370 leagues (about 988 miles, or 1,590 kilometers) west of the Cape Verde Islands. The crowning of Charles as king of Spain was the climax of a bitter dispute that resulted from the marriage contract between Ferdinand and Isabella. Rating: 4.3/5 Stars ( 66 reviews) Favourite Games Add to your games. In 1568, at the height of his Dutch troubles, Philip experienced several other misfortunes. During the invasion Charles's troops had sacked Rome and stormed Clement's residence. Person as author : Doumas, Christos In : History of humanity: scientific and cultural development, v.II: From the third millennium to the seventh century B.C., p. 146-151 Language : English Also available in : Also available in : Franais Year of publication : 1996 The following year, after extensive manipulation by his Habsburg advisers, Charles was elected as Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor (he was not officially crowned until 1530). Purchasing the works of Italian painters Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, Francis also invited some of the finest Italian artists of the day to come to France. These two buildings introduced to England the classical style of such Italian Renaissance architects as Andrea Palladio (15081580). As a result, Spain was given control of Italy in the Treaty of Cateau-Cambrsis in 1559. Their efforts were defeated after the king's agents bullied and bribed the majority of Cortes members. In 1512, when France went to war with Spain, the king gave the eighteen-year-old Francis command of an army. One of the most important events of Henry VIII's reign was the closing of monasteries. This included four kingdoms, six grand duchies . James's reign was troubled by his insistence upon ruling by divine right (the concept that a king is chosen directly by God). In 1429 the country was dramatically energized by Joan of Arc (c. 14121431), who was known as the Maid of Orlans. . The ones to avoid are the Arabia, Ottoman and Byzantine civilizations. Lusitanians were successively overrun by Celts, Romans, Visigoths, and Moors (711). Originally, the Hudson Bay, the Hudson River, and the river valley were settled by the Dutch, who controlled entrance to the river at the fortress town of New Amsterdam, on what is now Manhattan Island. kingdom definition: 1. a country ruled by a king or queen: 2. an area that is controlled by a particular person or. Hudson's expedition wound through the strait and into the huge bay, now in upper Canada, that now bear his name. The English also formed an alliance with France and, to seal the treaty, Henry's sister Mary became the wife of King Louis XII of France. In northern Italy, Spanish forces won victories against the French at Tournai, Lodi, Cremona, Genoa, and Alessandria. They had arrived on the peninsula by a.d. 300, becoming both urban and rural dwellers. T o F, the rise of the Ottoman Turks' empire between the thirteenth and fifteenth century and more. One by one the Spanish ships broke their cables and headed for open water. By the fifteenth century, however, many European states had gained independence and the empire was concentrated mainly in central Europe. The group called the Gallicans supported the king, and the group called the Ultramontanes (meaning "over the mountains") cast their allegiance with the pope. A second statute, passed in 1540, legalized these closures and mandated the seizing of all remaining property. In 1536 Henry discovered that Anne had been unfaithful to him and he had her beheaded. Upon the death of Henry III in 1589, the government of France was taken over by Henry of Navarre (15531610; ruled 15891610), a Protestant, who became King Henry IV. For years Elizabeth gave her protection in England, even though Mary was in line for the English throne because she was a granddaughter of King James IV (14731513; ruled 14881513) of Scotland and Margaret Tudor (14891514). This left many members of Parliament feeling that they were being ignored. Prominent members of the royal family and the court frequently played roles in these productions. During her brief five-year reign, nearly three hundred people were burned at the stake. Meanwhile, in 1580, Philip had claimed the throne of Portugal. Monarchs (kings and queen with supreme rule) in France, England, and Spain responded to the chaotic situation in Europe by consolidating their power. Increasingly, a nation's power and prestige had become dependent upon money and material wealth, and the best way to become a world power was to build a trade empire. In 1554 he formed an alliance between Spain and England by arranging for his son Philip II (15271598; ruled 155698) to marry the Catholic English queen, Mary I (see "England" section previously in this chapter). The troubled young man was finally locked away in a tower, where he went on a series of hunger strikes and died later in the year. ." Government and church officials then debated what to do about Moriscos in the rest of Spain. Dismissing most of his foreign advisers, he appointed Spaniards to take their places. Earlier they had been great centers of learning and the arts, but now the great monastic libraries were divided and sent to other quest for new territories and markets in the East (see "The age of European exploration" section later in this chapter). He reached the continent in November. Much of the wealth seized from the religious houses was spent on warfare. Ferdinand became king of Aragon when his father, King John II (13971479; ruled 145879), died in 1479. Sitting on horses in their gleaming armor, the Spaniards looked like gods to the Aztec. They commissioned Christopher Columbus (14511506), a navigator from Genoa, Italy, to find a sea route to the Indies (Asia). Some European explorers were inspired by the myth of Prester John, a Christian king rumored to be living somewhere in eastern Asia. When Francis swore as a gentleman to return to captivity if he failed to live up to his end of the bargain, Charles agreed to set him free. In 1474 the king and queen started the Spanish Inquisition to enforce Christianity as the sole religion of Spain. LORD SHIVAJI. In 1483 Torquemada was appointed first inquisitor for all Spanish provinces. Like Ferdinand, they also feared that he would be more interested in expanding Habsburg territory and becoming Holy Roman Emperor than in ruling Spain. After Philip III took the throne in 1598, Spain began going into decline. In 1489 Charles VIII was offered the crown of Naples by Pope Innocent VIII (14321492; reigned 148492). After a couple of failed attempts, English settlements were established in Virginia and Massachusetts, later spreading into Maryland and Pennsylvania. When she refused his proposal he realized that England could never be a Catholic country. The soldiers were equally angrynot at the pope but at Charlesbecause they had not received their wages. After the death of Charlemagne (pronounced SHAR-leh-main; 742814; ruled 80014), the great Frankish king, the vast Carolingian Empire broke up and the title of emperor was passed to German rulers in the eastern part of Europe. The expanded Frankish state he founded is called the . He proved that Columbus had landed nowhere near the Indies but instead had discovered an entirely new continent. Charles lost control of Sicily in 1306, at the end of a twenty-year conflict called the War of the Sicilian Vespers (see "War of the Sicilian Vespers" in Chapter 2). The Napoleonic Code of 1804 was MOST important in World History because it. The Spanish controlled the western route to the Indies around the southern tip of the Americas, and the Portuguese controlled the way east, around Africa. Spanish forces led personally by Charles took La Goletta (now Halq al-Wadi), a seaport town in northeast Tunisia. A brutal campaign against the Waldensians demolished twenty-two towns and killed four thousand people. The three young monarchs bitterly competed for the title of Emperor, but the rivalry was especially intense between Francis and Charles. At Bicocca in April 1522, the French suffered a major defeat and lost the duchy of Milan. Like his father, he was a devout Catholic, yet he lacked Philip II's intelligence and commitment to work. Question Posted by Guest on May 8th 2020 Last Modified: Apr 15th 2021 France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? Infuriated that the pope had sided with France, Charles sent his Spanish and German troops into Rome in 1527. Answers. Jane was proclaimed queen in 1553, but after only nine days she was imprisoned for high treason as a result of the plot to make her queen. Medina-Sidonia was an army commander, so he protested that he was unqualified to lead a naval fleet. Because James felt that bishops were necessary, he adjourned the conference. Although the revolt did not end until 1648 with Dutch independence, the Spanish had many military victories in the Netherlands during Philip's reign. The Renaissance palace at Hampton Court was the scene of many splendid entertainments. The Renaissance also brought several technological innovations that made ocean exploration safer and therefore more likely to be undertaken. Following Mary' death, Philip II had suggested that he marry Eliza beth. In 1527 Henry began demanding a divorce from Catherine so he could marry Anne Boleyn (c. 15071536), an attendant in the court of Queen Claude of France. The king personally commanded English The marriage contract stated that Ferdinand and Isabella would rule their own million rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom... 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