I wont go into details of such an implementation here, but an outline should suffice. This might not always be the best outcome for professional apps, but its not bad for a first rule and, for this purpose, serves to illustrate the mechanism by which CloudKit passes conflict information back to the client. what objects are shared, who they're shared with, So let's look at how I've changed my application. Customizations like this necessarily require more complicated code than if I chose not to support sharing. Since CloudKit is deeply tied to Apples operating systems and devices, its not suitable for applications that require a broader range of device support, such as Android or Windows clients. to write all of these tests and structure the application. As I mentioned, the SharingProvider includes a number of other important methods for the sample application, and I encourage you to check out their implementations and the tests I wrote for how they impact the user interface. a number of API methods to align with each of these concerns. So let's take a look at exactly how NSPersistentCloudKitContainer shares objects. Pauls been a developer for nearly three decades, working with many tech stacks but with a focus on Apple. Add the following method to your extension: With this code in place, you can determine if the destination is already shared and then take the proper action. With this code in place, build and run on your second device. But our applications are usually designed to manage large collections of data. NSPersistentCloudKitContainer includes a number of API methods to align with each of these concerns. Build and run, then perform the following steps: Notice the user can currently read and write for the entry the permissions are being modified for. It is also possible to serialize CKRecords directly to and from local storage. Sync user data between multiple apps from the same developer. Heres Apples sample project on Synchronizing a Local Store to the Cloud. From the home screen, open Settings. The first is the notion of a set of actors. all of the shared objects into the local store. This involves the creation of a CKFetchRecordsOperation object using the record ID contained within the CKShareMetadata object. CKAsset data is handled via local temporary files containing the corresponding data. After adding a few of these customizations. Once you add a destination, youll see it on the main screen like below. Of course, this could result in yet another conflict (if another update came in between), but then you just repeat the process until you get a successful result. Kodeco requires JavaScript. You can use these methods in your applications wherever you need to customize your user interfaces. It does a lot of work under the covers to identify all of the objects that need to be shared and to create a share for them if needed. When the user taps the link that was shared earlier and accepts the invitation, the delegate calls this method and launches the app. Both the CKShare and associated CKRecord object are then saved to the private database. The convenience API is much more accessible, while the operation approach can be a bit intimidating. Site design / logo 2023 Stack Exchange Inc; user contributions licensed under CC BY-SA. The first change I had to make was to tell NSPersistentCloudKitContainer to mirror the .shared CloudKit database to a new persistent store. Swift, Android, Kotlin, Flutter, Dart, Server-Side Swift, Unity, and more! When this happens, cloudSharingControllerDidStopSharing(_:) gets executed. When you create a destination, the data is being persisted via Core Data locally in your app. I needed a way to ensure they all work correctly. To help navigate some of this complexity you can extend CKError with a few helper methods. I've already saved Heather and Mary in my address book. But you can also tell share(_ managedObjects: to share: completion:) to store objects in a specific shared zone by passing it a non-nil CKShare. the main reason the SharingProvider exists: testing. Clash between mismath's \C and babel with russian. Naturally, this domain knowledge is reflected in the APIs we have built for NSPersistentCloudKitContainer. The CKFetchRecordsOperation operates on one or more records at a time. I might need to know whether or not an object is shared. We'll show you how to encourage collaboration between people using your app and support those interactions with Apple frameworks. A general guideline is to use com.company_name.bundle_identifier. I left off the scaffolding for creating the sample data, but the test crafts a mixed set of managed objects that it identifies as shared or not shared by the presence of their objectID in this set. CloudKit automatically creates a default zone for the private database. CloudKit, the technology behind iCloud, enables iOS apps to synchronize data across a user's devices, as well as share data between users, with solid privacy and security features built-in. And now I can see the new post. here, the shared store for my application. These can be normal push notifications familiar to iOS users (such as sound, banner, or badge), or in CloudKit, they can be a special class of notification called silent pushes. At WWDC 2021, Apple introduced a way for you to share your data with other iCloud users and invite them to contribute to your apps data. Third, create an iCloud container that hosts your data in iCloud. Was Galileo expecting to see so many stars? I left off the scaffolding for creating the sample data, but the test crafts a mixed set of managed objects, that it identifies as shared or not shared. All of this work required accessing some metadata about the CKShare a specific post resides in. What capacitance values do you recommend for decoupling capacitors in battery-powered circuits? Participants can have different roles and permissions. Before an app can take advantage of CloudKit sharing, the CKSharingSupported key needs to be added to the project Info.plist file with a Boolean value of true. I'll give it a simple title-- "Sharing demos are great"-- and tap Done. Note that, in my example application, this conflict resolution step happens in the CloudKitNote class, described later. Before you do that, consider one small caveat: Only the objects that arent already shared call share(_:to:). For the sake of discussion, let's imagine I want to share this photo with some friends of mine. How can I change a sentence based upon input to a command? I set the BlockBasedProvider as the provider. Click Add Basic Index. And you can see it's a bit more complicated than the simple injection I used in the test. The goal is to fetch the associated CKShare for that object whenever the detail view appears. If I'm allowed to, I can add records that I own. Once you accept the share on the second device, its now part of your shared zone in iCloud. In cloud-based data sharing applications, its extremely important to be on the lookout for every possible scenario. And finally, we'll briefly discuss how NSPersistentCloudKitContainer can help you enable some additional protection for sensitive data stored in iCloud. To edit or update the caption or description, tap the destination cell to see the detail screen. But ideally, we would have a single place. with their role, permissions, and acceptance state. Tap the entry you want to update the permissions for. How might I do that? It comes with a Dictionary of contained CKErrors that deserve more careful inspection to figure out what exactly happened during a compound operation. So let's look at how I've changed my application to communicate these states and privileges. we need to identify two crucial concepts for sharing. At what point of what we watch as the MCU movies the branching started? and automatically assigns records to them. The SharingProvider protocol makes it easy. and modify records in these shared zones. It might make more sense for CKAsset, but for now Apple hasn't added the capability. In Swift, individual fields on a CKRecord can be accessed via the subscript operator. At the top level is CKContainer, which encapsulates a set of related CloudKit data. If I select the location attribute, I can see its configuration in the data model inspector on the right. Another user will see a different set of zones. To achieve this, iOS 15 introduces share(_:to:). CloudKit - How to share multiple records and retrieve shared records? Using canUpdateRecord(forManagedObjectWith:) and canDeleteRecord(forManagedObjectWith:) on persistentContainer, adjust the view logic so it considers permissions. NSPersistentCloudKitContainer turns those managed objects into instances of CKRecord that are stored in CloudKit. Let's look at that change in a bit more detail. In addition, they would see my two zones that I share with them and any other zones they are a participant on in their .shared database. to NSPersistentCloudKitContainer to support sharing. Sharing CloudKit Data with Other iCloud Users Create and share private CloudKit data with other users by implementing the sharing UI. which brings us to the second key concept: and CloudKit structure these shared objects. CloudKit organizes data via a hierarchy of classes: CKContainer, CKDatabase, CKRecordZone, and CKRecord. and operate on the objects I share with them. Figure 48 3, for example, shows a share link loaded into the Mail app ready to be sent: When a user receives a share link and selects it, a dialog will appear providing the option to accept the share and open it in the corresponding app. Have a question? After you have logged into the console, open CloudKit Database. Prior to the release of iOS 10, the only way to share CloudKit records between users was to store those records in a public database. to show that the post is part of a share. Here I used isShared to decide whether or not to convert the title of a post to an attributed string and prefix it with the person.circle symbol to show that the post is part of a share. In my example, I do this by using CKFetchRecordZoneChangesOperation and CKServerChangeTokens. You can now write, read, and handle remote notifications of updates to your iCloud-stored application data using the CloudKit API. and some of the permissions on the shared album. A record? The first iteration of Core Data in iCloud on iOS worked on top of document storage and employed the same iCloud APIs. But our applications are usually designed, NSPersistentCloudKitContainer has to also help us make sense, of all of these objects so that we can build. Does Cast a Spell make you a spellcaster? Each of these is mirrored to a persistent store. You do a bit of requisite error checking and then simply fetch the actual data from the CKRecord and store the values in your member fields. Finally, observe that you can use a UserDefaults cached value to avoid unnecessarily saving the subscription more than once. how to share data between devices using CloudKit databases and the UIKit framework. Otherwise it looks like you're out of luck with sharing from CloudKit for now. Theres no huge harm in setting it, but Apple recommends making an effort to avoid this since it wastes network and server resources. If you attempt to select record type as CD_Destination and query records from here, you receive an error stating Field recordName isnt marked queryable. How might we build an experience like this? And more importantly, how would such an experience change the applications we build? Thanks for contributing an answer to Stack Overflow! Amazing! CloudKit operations provide superior control over the details of how CloudKit does its work and, perhaps more importantly, really force the developer to think carefully about network behaviors central to everything CloudKit does. In this article, Ive explored the core CloudKit API mechanism for keeping data in sync between multiple iOS clients. In theory, you needed only three steps. You now see the shared entry on your second device. that he is a Read-Only participant on the share. Tapping that brings up the set of participants. Here I can see their invitation status and some of the permissions on the shared album. to add specific logic to my application code. You can download the completed project files by clicking the Download Materials button at the top or bottom of the tutorial. Page - Sharing data between User Controls without access to the Page class - Accessing data between user controls WPF - Passing data between user controls in wpf - Pass data between parent child user controls . A participant is any other iCloud account. Select your desired delivery method and send the invitation. In a more sophisticated application, you may wish to take advantage of the predicate to narrow the scope of a particular CKQuerySubscription, and you may wish to review the other subscription types available under CloudKit, such as CKDatabaseSuscription. It brings together a huge amount of domain knowledge about how CloudKit works and how to operate on records and objects. Each of these participants will be able to access and operate on the objects I share with them. But ideally, we would have a single place directly in the Photos app where my friends and I can share our photos with each other. CloudKit sharing provides a way for records contained within a private database to be shared with other app users, entirely at the discretion of the owner of that database. We call them the owner and the participants. See the solution below: [spoiler title=Solution 1] CloudKit provides much more functionality on top of this, especially for sophisticated data models, public sharing, advanced user notification features, and more. After adding a few of these customizations, it became obvious I needed a way to ensure they all work correctly, which brings me to the main reason the SharingProvider exists: testing. in a way that facilitates this type of injection. The most amazing part is that because your data is now synced in iCloud, you can run your app on a completely different device thats signed in to the same iCloud account and see all your data! Last, head to the CloudKit Console so you can verify your data. At the top right is the edit button, which presents a modal to edit your destinations caption and description. and a shared zone that they own in their .private database. I've configured it to be an optional Transformable attribute and checked this new Allows Cloud Encryption checkbox. In many cases, it can infer where records belong based on the relationship they have to other objects. Note that the same code will work for macOS clients as well, with slight adjustments for differences in how notifications work on that platform. rev2023.3.1.43269. No specific cutoff point is specified (a maximum of 1MB total is recommended for each CKRecord), but as a rule of thumb, just about anything that feels like an independent item (an image, a sound, a blob of text) rather than as a database field should probably be stored as a CKAsset. Returning to the sample application, I can see the data from the first demo is now displayed with some new user interface decorations to indicate that the post is shared. If theres no error, the title of the share is set. Were you able to figure it out? for you to build tests in your own applications. But how does all of this work? Rather than relying on individual notifications to give you detailed knowledge of what change an individual notification represents, you use a notification to simply indicate that something has changed, and then you can ask CloudKit whats changed since the last time you asked. The version held by the server at the time you submitted the request. These values are decrypted locally on device after they're downloaded from the CloudKit server, and they're encrypted locally on device before they are uploaded to the CloudKit server. Then, I set the BlockBasedProvider as the provider for the view controller, completing the injection. That means we can't change our mind later and choose to encrypt fields that aren't already encrypted today in production. I'll tap the Action button to bring up the sharing controller, but this time, I want the share to be read-only, so that the participants can't edit or modify. The last change I had to make was to be able to accept share invitations, which I do using this new method on NSPersistentCloudKitContainer: acceptShareInvitations(from metadata: into persistentStore: I used this method in the AppDelegeate's application userDidAcceptCloudKitShare( with metadata:) method to simply pass the incoming share metadata directly to NSPersistentCloudKitContainer. I'm going to be using our sample application. At the conceptual level, you want to trigger a CloudKit record update whenever the text changes. Let's get started with sharing. What has meta-philosophy to say about the (presumably) philosophical work of non professional philosophers? Under the Schema section, select Indexes. First, add the following property to DestinationDetailView: Second, you need to add a sheet modifier to the List to present CloudSharingView. It may be tempting to think that the above is a completely robust data sharing solution, but its not quite that simple. Differentiating private data and shared data in SwiftUI. Using a single managed object context, my application can access data in both stores. [/spoiler]. If I'm allowed to, I can add records that I own to any of those zones just as they can in the zones that I own. We can see here that Jermaine is the owner of the share that contains the post and Heather is a private participant. that controls who can access these zones that I own. For more information, check Apples video on Build apps that share data through CloudKit and Core Data. directly to NSPersistentCloudKitContainer. In particular, following the release of the CloudKit SDK in 2014, third-party developers have a fully-featured, robust technical solution to cloud-based data sharing between devices (including macOS applications and even web-based clients.). Careful error handling is absolutely essential for a CloudKit client. Open CoreDataStack.swift. Every app automatically gets a default CKContainer, and a group of apps can share a custom CKContainer if permission settings allow. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. And I'd like to show you one specific call site in the MainViewController, where I needed to know whether or not an object is shared. Customizations like this necessarily require. Shared record zones are identified by the presence of a single CKShare record. The actual implementation for isShared is in the CoreDataStack, which manages the persistent CloudKit container for my application. Instead of invoking methods on NSPersistentCloudKitContainer. To get the most out of this session, check out our previous videos on NSPersistentCloudKitContainer: "Using Core Data With CloudKit" from WWDC19 and "Sync a Core Data store with the CloudKit public database" from WWDC20. The end goal is not only to display shared entries but also to get information about the people participating in the share. It's free to sign up and bid on jobs. This seems to be a good tool for that: https://github.com/usebutton/ios-deeplink-sdk It's called the SharingProvider. The first step is to implement the UIKit scene delegate method windowScene(_:userDidAcceptCloudKitShareWith:). When the recipient taps on the share link, the app (if installed) will be launched and provided with the shared record information ready to be displayed. Connect and share knowledge within a single location that is structured and easy to search. Finally, I invoke UICloudSharingController's completion block with the results provided by NSPersistentCloudKitContainer, which tells it I'm ready to continue the sharing flow. You would need a unique identifier for that CKRecord. Once the CloudKit schema is pushed to production, we can't change any of the field types. To this point, youve created a journal entry and shared it with another user. Stay active, close your rings, and have a great WWDC 2021. But first, a quick discussion of CloudKit Errors. fetchShares(matching objectIDs:) is new in iOS 15. and allows me to get the CKShare for a specific post. This is a cute trick in Swift that allows me to simply check. The solution is in CloudSharingController.swift. But let's take a look at how NSPersistentCloudKitContainer uses Record Zone Sharing to share managed objects. Continue with Recommended Cookies. With this code in place, navigate back to DestinationDetailView.swift to present CloudSharingView. For this example, youll use CKAsset to store the note text. To dig deeper into CloudKit, I strongly recommend taking the time to view the various CloudKit presentations from each of the last few WWDCs and follow along with the examples they provide. To demonstrate how sharing works with NSPersistentCloudKitContainer, I'm going to be using our sample application, Syncing a Core Data Store with the Cloud. In the iCloud section, tap the + button underneath Containers to add a custom container. Then just create a deplink that includes that unique identifier. I've already saved Heather and Mary in my address book, so they're easy to find. I simply give the new album a title and then tap Next to choose the set of participants. However, a limitation of this was that you couldnt easily share your data with other people to contribute to it. to communicate these states and privileges. These silent pushes happen entirely without user visibility or interaction, and as a result, dont require the user to enable push notification for your app, saving you many potential user-experience headaches as an app developer. Join our team. This chapter has covered the basics of CloudKit sharing, a topic which will be covered further in a later chapter entitled An iOS CloudKit Sharing Example. You need to extract information about the participants of this share. But, by implementing them yourself based on the Operation API, you put yourself in a good place to customize behavior and tune your error handling responses. Save the changes. The most common options are via email or text message. Here, youll add the code to accept the share. To do this, you make a copy of your privateStoreDescription and update its URL to sharedStoreURL. In this simple Note application, with a single user switching between devices, youre not likely to see too many conflicts in a live concurrency sense. To delete the destination, swipe left to reveal the delete button. Since this is a first example of using an operation, here are a couple of general observations: First, all CloudKit operations have custom completion closures (and many have intermediate closures, depending on the operation). Generally speaking, youll be working with an NSManagedObject from your view. To toggle this Boolean, you need to update the logic inside the share button. I had to decorate the post table cells to indicate which ones are shared. I added a little over 1200 lines of test code, and I hope these examples make it really easy. However, CloudKit gives you the tools you need for this. and how that affects the types of experiences you can build. Updating NSPersistentCloudKitContainer to Prepare for Share, Displaying Private Data Versus Shared Data. After the share is accepted, NSPersistentCloudKitContainer automatically syncs all of the shared objects into the local store. CloudKit: For managing structured data and sharing data among users. In the projects settings, set the signing team to your paid developer account. Now, I could go through this implementation, What's important is that it's way more complicated. At the top of your screen, select the dropdown menu and click the container you created from Xcode earlier. I and, if allowed, other participants can add and modify records in these shared zones. If it doesnt have an associated share record, theres no need to continue. These are all the changes I had to make for my first demo, but my application also needs to effectively communicate what objects are shared, who they're shared with, and what those participants can do. See that data now exists at the bottom in the Participants section. If a match returns, this object is already shared. NSPersistentCloudKitContainer also has to understand, how the concepts of owners and participants apply, Let's imagine I have a collection of people. In this article, Ill demonstrate how to use CloudKit to keep a users data in sync between multiple clients. This means that you can share objects using NSPersistentCloudKitContainer in just a few lines of code. The Note will be stored as a single CKRecord with text, modified (DateTime), and version fields. Tapping this button removes a destination from your travel journal. Next, we'll take a deep dive into the mechanics of sharing. Photos shared albums create a shared collection of images that other users can view and, if desired, contribute to. Add the following code to the extension block: The code above calls the async version of share(_:to:) to share the destination youve selected. At least one real device To send and accept share invitation(s). To change the permissions and access to this data, Apple has done all the heavy lifting for you. After the share has been saved to the database, the cloud sharing controller needs to be notified that the share is ready to be sent. Users may not be signed in, they may have disabled CloudKit for the app, they may be in airplane modethe list of exceptions goes on. Also, CloudKit provides a specific record type for large binary objects. If necessary, you then pass the updated server record to CloudKit to write the new record. A paid developer account To use CloudKit. This is your Destination entity in Core Data. So how does NSPersistentCloudKitContainer know where to keep your records? The final step is to set the cloudKitContainerOptions property for the sharedStoreDescription you created. share NSPersistentCloudKitContainer between app and extension, Core Data sharing with CloudKit: Unable to Accept Share. to call the contains method of the set I created. to instantiate an instance of UICloudSharingController. to store objects in a specific shared zone. However, to allow other users to interact with this data, you need to update your NSPersistentCloudKitContainer. for the view controller, completing the injection. Sharing CKAssets between users with CloudKit? Build apps that share data through CloudKit and Core Data. This new checkbox tells NSPersistentCloudKitContainer that the value for this attribute should be stored in the encryptedValues payload of the resulting CKRecord. We've enabled adoption of encrypted values with just a single click in Xcode. just as they can in the zones that I own. into instances of CKRecord that are stored in CloudKit. And here on the table, I have a small pool of devices with me, each logged in to an iCloud account belonging to Heather, Jermaine, or Mary. Sharing UI mirrored to a persistent store to display shared entries but also to get CKShare. To encrypt fields that are stored in CloudKit movies the branching started and more deserve more careful inspection to out... Using our sample application returns, this domain knowledge is reflected in the test harm in it! On the share tap Done the location attribute, I can see their invitation status and some of share. Post and Heather is a Read-Only participant on the right mechanism for keeping data both. Recommends making an effort to avoid this since it wastes network and server resources windowScene ( _ to... Implementation here, but an outline should suffice comes with a few helper methods private participant album a title then!, Core data developer for nearly three decades, working with an NSManagedObject from your travel journal to figure what. 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