Copy this link, or click below to email it to a friend. Law enforcement behavior is monitored and evaluated by almost every citizen. This issue also holds true internationally for black men without jobs. Origins of the contemporary criminal justice paradigm: The American Bar Foundation survey, 19531969. 6. Your current browser may not support copying via this button. Constitutional provisions on the discretionary power of judges. Almost every situation presents an opportunity for this practice to be observed. The requirement for a high level of control through supervision is basic in enabling prudence to be powerful; without such control, officers will settle on choices that are self-elevating and contrary to authoritative objectives. report, Discretion in the Criminal Justice System. The judge is in a position with the most knowledge of the law and the situation, so they have a unique opportunity to decide on the sentencing. Discretion is beneficial to the criminal justice system but is not without reproach. Collateral Consequences of Felony Conviction and Imprisonm Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children, Communicating Scientific Findings in the Courtroom, CompStat Models of Police Performance Management, Crime Prevention, Voluntary Organizations and, Criminal Justice System, Discretion in the. However, their impact has fallen only on adjudicatory stages of processing. You may use it as a guide or sample for In an effort to explain this pattern, Levine returned to the tapes of his Trivia Experiment participants. Laborers have two choices in each situation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. The first chapter is a very readable discussion of the actors in the system, including the legislatures. Discretion, Severity and Legality in criminal justice. AN OvERvIEw "A public official has discretion whenever the effective limits of his Prottas, J. CQ Library American political resources opens in new tab; Data Planet A universe of data opens in new tab; SAGE Business Cases Real-world cases at your fingertips opens in new tab; SAGE Campus Online skills and methods courses opens in new tab; SAGE Knowledge The ultimate social science library opens in new tab; SAGE Research Methods The ultimate methods library . Discretionary restriction is to be employed when a certain threshold has been crossed; there are limits to when individuals should be allowed discretion, to when situation and circumstance have any right to be considered. Some police officers see discretion as being a form of unlimited authority. for only $11.00 $9.35/page. In today's society I have personally . Although there should be a balance between holding officers accountable and supporting their decision-making processes, the allowance of this policy acknowledges the professionalism thats expected from local departments. * Hagan, F. (2011). Disparity in this framework takes on a different meaning, and refers instead to the fact that individuals with a given characteristic are over- (or under-) represented in the criminal justice system relative to their representation either in the population or in the commission of a type of crime. Another reason that discretion finds itself so intractable within the American criminal justice system is due to the increasing interconnected nature of the American criminal justice system and mental health treatment; in many ways, jails have become the de-facto mental health system for many Americans (Johnson, 1984; Snow & Briar, 1990; Palermo et al., 1992). For example, a young black male may have a criminal history that . of New York Press. 1988. Click to reveal Prosecutorial discretion also allows prosecutors to secure the cooperation of witness defendants by allowing them to offer reduced sentences or charges in exchange for testimony against another defendant. Again, we can look to Prottas (1978) for illumination here. Although most analyses of the criminal justice system emphasize the formal aspects of legal administration, discretion plays a major role in the administration of criminal justice. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); The question isnt who is going to let me; its who is going to stop me. -Ayn Rand, This is a text widget, which allows you to add text or HTML to your sidebar. One way to conceptualize this diffuse nature is within the challenge of supervision. How rules, regulations, and the law are implemented is determined by the role perception of the implementers, their ideological orientation, and demographic characteristics. (1972). Allowing judicial officers to decide sentences on a case by case basis and thus permitting them to . Racial disparity is further decomposed into two types: warranted or unwarranted. An officer might need to consider whether or not to draw a weapon, make an arrest, issue a traffic ticket, perform a search, or stop to offer assistance to someone. It is useful as a tool to be proactive in jurisdictional issues, creating initiatives, or working with the average person on the street. Discretion is abused when the judicial action is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable. Official websites use .gov And the RCIADIC reports concluded that: Discretion here is paramount. Although it is common throughout the criminal justice system, some authoritative figures dont use discretion in a way to guide punishments; they stay in accordance with established guidelines. For example, discretion should be used for a first time offender for speeding but should not be used for a first time offender of rape. It is extremely important for a police officer to make the decision of introducing a juvenile to the justice system. This is an important historical document notable for its inclusion of the now-iconic criminal justice flowchart (pp. Presidents Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice and Nicholas de B. Katzenbach. TimesMojo is a social question-and-answer website where you can get all the answers to your questions. As an elected or appointed official, the prosecutor is the most powerful official in the criminal justice system. In a broader sense, ethics considers how people interact with one another and with nature, as well as their own freedom, responsibility, and sense of justice. The paper is very readable and should generate much discussion about the importance of paradigms in a graduate or undergraduate class. Another reason that the American criminal justice system finds itself so pervaded with discretion is due to the contingent nature of the issues that those within the system often find themselves in. 1. Discretion, as defined in Canadian Criminal Justice: A Primer, is merely the freedom to choose among different options when confronted with the need to make a decision. I leave that to your discretion. 8. Walker, Samuel. Also, in cases, such as determining whether to pursue a suspect through a high-speed chase, the use of discretion enables law enforcement officers to also protect the safety of innocent bystanders (Walker, 1993, p. 24). Now the . The police, however, screen juveniles at the intake stage, combining legal and extralegal . The following sections will discuss the above mentioned issues in deep insight in a bid to set forth recommendations for the continued use, modification, or discontinuation of these issues through the various governmental programs and policy and more so within the police force. The choice to engage in a high-speed chase or not attempts to balance the need to capture a suspect against the potential for an injury because of pursuit activities. For both of these reasons, any discussion of discretion must start from a review of the goals of the system and an understanding of how these goals are reflected in the formal rules of a system with many moving parts. Our American system of justice has evolved from the English common law into a complex series of procedures and decisions. Prosecutors can choose not to prosecute a crime for which someone is arrested. Dont S. Cal. Punitiveness is not something that I believe in as a generality, but when something so heinous as rape is committed, the room for discretion flies out the window. tact, tactfulness, diplomacy, delicacy, sensitivity, subtlety, consideration, prudence, judiciousness, judgement, discrimination, sense, good sense, common sense. The decisions they make, particularly . While using prudence, the individuals who work in the criminal equity framework regularly result in the casual equity process. To answer the question, instead of continuing to dance around it, I believe that discretion needs to be restricted with discretion. For example, discretion should be used for a first time offender for speeding but should not be used for a first time offender of rape. They can decide to pursue less serious charges. 1977. I am currently continuing at SunAgri as an R&D engineer. protecting civilians' rights while upholding the law. If an official goes beyond this level, then it can lead to problems with excessive force being applied in a specific situation. The recommen-dations in this paper are addressed to four areas in the system: (1) police law enforcement; (2) the prosecutor; (3) jury selection; and (4) sen-tencing. 4 : the result of separating or distinguishing. The idea behind police discretion is that the law should be flexible in some ways in order to ensure that the spirit of the law is satisfied. Should the court punish each individual equally? In theory, the criminal justice official considers the totality of circumstances before determining whether or not legal action . Oxford Bibliographies Online is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions. . A top priority for the Center is advancing justice in the criminal legal system. It may act as a motivation to the general public to be less respectful of the laws and regulations that govern their community. If someone is rich, then the natural implication is that wealth could be made while violating the law. . In fact discretion can be found in all stages of the criminal justice system. Prosecutorial discretion is one of the most important aspects of our criminal justice system. You can email the site owner to let them know you were blocked. Discretion offers checks and balances within the system. "In the Criminal justice system the police, the prosecutors and corrections are afforded discretion with regard to enforcing and interpreting the law. In these situations, discretion often provides the best outcome both for the individuals on the receiving end of the discretion, as well as the individual dispensing it. Discretion is (in the minds of many) a necessary feature of the criminal justice system because not all crimes and not all criminals are exactly alike. The action you just performed triggered the security solution. By removing the diffuse nature of the street level criminal justice worker, the main barrier remaining to a reduction in discretion is that of ethicality. The discretion they use when interacting with young criminal offenders gives them the option to handle delinquencies and minor offenses in a constructive way. Discretion Examples Bob is traveling at 75 miles per hour. Officers would be required to operate like a mechanical instrument, following standardized practices whenever a potential incident occurs. * Fuller, J. R. (2008). An example of discretion is the ability of a juror to determine a verdict. The discretion limit as to the reduction of inappropriate discretion comes for more serious crimes. Taking rights seriously. Pharapreising and interpretation due to major educational standards released by a particular educational institution as well as tailored to your educational institution if different; requirements? You could not be signed in, please check and try again. Police officers often act as a gatekeeper to the juvenile justice system in the developed world. It works to reduce frivolous charges, constructively engages vulnerable population demographics, and seeks to find ways to supplement the rights of the average person instead of trying to take them away. Officers may often need to interact with mentally ill individuals as patients before they need to interact with them as clients in the sense of becoming involved in the criminal justice system when encountering these situations, is it best to move these individuals into the care of a hospital, or a jail? (2022, Feb 10). Essentials of Research Methods in Criminal Justice and Criminology (pp. It can lead to soft law enforcement mechanisms. The discretion that an officer employs when confronted with a mentally ill individual is a perfect encapsulation of the boundary spanning that is discussed in Prottas (1978). In order to effectively process cases through the criminal justice system, discretion is an important tool for police, prosecutors, judges, and correctional officials. This website is using a security service to protect itself from online attacks. There is no single answer to this question, nor is there a correct one. Cross-Sectional Research Designs in Criminology and Crimin Cybercrime Investigations and Prosecutions, Defining "Success" in Corrections and Reentry, Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, Electronically Monitored Home Confinement. Although most police officers use discretion, Many police officers (and whole departments) prefer to focus on the justice aspects of police work: getting offenders off the streets, responding to emergencies, scoring big drug busts, and generally catching the bad guys. Within the criminal justice system, street level bureaucrats possess a high amount of discretion. Bibliography * Alpert, Geoffrey P. ; Dunham, Roger G. 6. 1-45). All through this exposition, I will examine what discretion is and how it can and ought to be utilized to upgrade, not decrease, the criminal justice system and the majority of its parts. Users without a subscription are not able to see the full content on Another reason that discretion finds itself so intractable within the American criminal justice system is due to the increasing interconnected nature of the American criminal justice system and mental health treatment; in many ways, jails have become the de-facto mental health system for many Americans (Johnson, 1984; Snow & Briar, 1990; Palermo et al., 1992). In todays society I have personally seen adults expect leniency just because, for example, they have a police organization bumper sticker. While discretion creates an efficient system, the proper operational decisions must be made at the lower levels of the hierarchy, which will benefit the agency by fostering leadership throughout the organization. 11. ) As with adults, law enforcement serves as the gatekeeper to the justice system. White-Collar Crime, The Global Financial Crisis and. The document is also notable for its consideration of police, courts, and corrections (chapters 4, 5, and 6) in the context of crime control. Punishment for these two crimes, even though they are the same crime and centered on the same items and at the same store, must be of a different nature for the two criminals, given the circumstances of the crimes. Prosecutors exercise unfettered discretion, deciding who to charge with a crime, what charges to file, when to drop the charges, whether or not to plea bargain, and how to allocate prosecutorial resources. Cloudflare Ray ID: 7a14efeb6bc31cd4 Change), You are commenting using your Twitter account. Officers can also make contact with individuals that they believe could be hiding something or have broken serious laws that require an intervention to keep others safe. In the CJS, it is the authority given to a decision maker to decide between alternatives or no alternatives. This disadvantage occurs when an unscrupulous officer decides to use this principle as a way to promote their self-interests. Discretion. Outside of the advantage, anyone who has an association with law enforcement may receive special treatment that wouldnt be possible without that connection. Retrieved from https://graduateway.com/discretion-in-the-criminal-justice-system/, Give examples of how discretion permeates every phase of the criminal justice system, Paper on the Internal and External Mechanisms That Control Police Discretion, Pros And Cons Of Criminal Profiling Criminal Cases Criminology. I love to write and share science related Stuff Here on my Website. They can either simply submit to the law and rebuff the individuals who break it in what is viewed as high contrast, or the individual upholding the law can utilize carefulness. The National Research Councils 1983, a landmark review of sentencing, offers a first systematic assessment of sentencing goals, policies, and the disparity and discrimination that can follow a lack of consensus on the fundamental purposes of sentencing. The issue with this law enforcement principle is that an individual with wealth tends to receive more flexibility than someone living in poverty. Well, most analyses of the criminal justice system usually highlight the formal aspects of legal administration, but discretion also plays a big part.. 1 an insufficiency, shortage, or absence of something required or desired. Need a custom essay sample written specially to meet your The use of discretion allows the police officer the flexibility necessary to perform his job. Don't use plagiarized sources. Pg. There are specific examples of this disadvantage that create harm to the general public when officers still committed acts of violence against people not breaking the law. "The police are typically the first contact that young victims and delinquents have with the juvenile justice system. This principle allows an officer to pick and choose their enforcement opportunities. Central to the criminal process is the exercise of by police officers, prosecutors, defence But it also raises the specter of too much deference to the rules, especially in cases where the rules themselves have the potential to create disparity, as in the case of federal rules that call for tougher sanctions for dealing in crack cocaine rather than powder cocaine. Both politicians and the public, through their interactions with one another and with the criminal justice system, influence its operation. Court Ethics. Copyright 2023 service.graduateway.com. Depending on the individual that discretion affects, and the manner in which it affects them, discretion can seem less like discretion, and more like an arbitrary decision that is not rooted in anything but whim. When working in the criminal equity framework, circumspection is a key component in having the capacity to carry out your responsibility. kid gloves. Therefore, after much consideration, I have determined that discretion as a whole is not entirely an unscrupulous mechanism when used both applicably and decorously. If the plaintiff or the defendant thinks that the trial court judge has abused the discretion, the party can appeal the case. whether to issue a traffic ticket or other violation. The pervasiveness of arbitrariness and discrimination under post-Furman capital statutes. Juvenile Delinquency Mainstream and Crosscurrents. Officer discretion is a vague locution which baffles and frustrates many citizens when it comes to the application of laws and keeping order. For example, indistinct laws, annoyance conducts, uncertainty in state rules, moral norms, and obsolete laws may make an officer have a substitute goals to the issue. However, even the most detailed rules allow for . Snow, William & Briar, Katharine. What is a quad lumen central venous catheter? Federal agencies have a large degree of discretion in structuring student loan repayment programs. Urban Affairs Quarterly, 13(3), 285-312. (Alpert, Dunham. The Department awards $6000 annually, up to a lifetime maximum of $60,000. While much of the discretion employed within the criminal justice system is at the hands of street level bureaucrats, which will be discussed below, it is certainly not the only area of the system in which one can witness its prolific use. By clicking Check Writers Offers, you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy. This book is a legal-theory classic on discretion. Graduated from ENSAT (national agronomic school of Toulouse) in plant sciences in 2018, I pursued a CIFRE doctorate under contract with SunAgri and INRAE in Avignon between 2019 and 2022. Police officers and other representatives of the criminal justice system face many different ethical issues in the course of their service. match. Discretion within the criminal trial process is a very important matter, as the judge or magistrate must exercise appropriate measures in order to reach a just verdict. Statutory and common laws dont cover every potential situation that police officers encounter while on the job. The challenge of crime in a free society. When decisions that are made by officers do not yield the desired positive results, but are made in good faith, these decisions still fall under the umbrella of discretion. We cannot, for instance, equate "murder is evil" with "water boils at 100 degrees." We can demonstrate that water boils at 100 degrees, but we cannot demonstrate that murder is wrong. Discretion is the power and individual choice a person has in a decision. That means there could be times when an offender might not receive a ticket or detainment because of the circumstances involved in their situation. They can offer plea bargains, including reduced or deferred sentences. It is common to focus on disparity along a particular dimension, such as race. Rosett, A. Do Men Still Wear Button Holes At Weddings? One can only push society and the law so far; at some point you must face the consequences. Type your requirements and Ill connect you to Majority of the salaries I found started around $38,000 - $80,000. But later, Carmichael could recognize those red flags.) This is somewhat vague, but so is the concept of police discretion. Each of the decisions made in this area can have a significant impact on the safety of the public. And, today, there are tens of thousands of innocent people behind bars. 3 : ability to make responsible decisions. Contingencies, shifting expectations and changing environments are all challenging interactions that are often unable to be properly attended to if one was to rely completely on institutional mandates and official rules. Indeterminate sentencing is a system of sentencing in which a legislature establishes maximum and minimum terms for each crime and a judge makes a discretionary decision as to what the maximum and minimum sentences should be for each convicted offender. This essay was written by a fellow student. Additional materials, such as the best quotations, synonyms and word definitions to make your writing easier are also offered here. He states that, due to the boundary spanning jobs that street level bureaucrats within the criminal justice system hold, there are constantly shifting expectations, environments, and clientele that these individuals must interact with and manage. Bowers goes on to discuss how some persons are sentenced to death while others, having committed essentially the same crime, are not, and that this difference stems from discretion that is likely influenced by extralegal influences such as race, class, and origin. When discretion is used in this manner, when people receive a sentence of death while another does not and that difference stems from something like race class or origin, this is readily apparent as unacceptable. This is a rather broad power that also gives prosecutors the authority to enter into plea bargains with a defendant, which can result in the defendant pleading guilty to a lesser charge or . Even in heinous cases, there needs to be perhaps not room for discretion and leniency, but at least the possibility that it could be used, if absolutely necessary. It would simply be impossible. Sentencing and punishment has actively involved the discretion of judges and magistrates in affecting the decision of the sentencing. Is paramount later, Carmichael could recognize those red flags. there is no single answer this. And discrimination under post-Furman capital statutes disparity is further decomposed into two types warranted... Can appeal the case that connection and regulations that govern their community stage, combining legal extralegal! Is available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions as to the juvenile justice but! Them to a social question-and-answer website where you can email the site owner let. To be restricted with discretion flexibility than someone living in poverty equity framework regularly result in the criminal justice.... About the importance of paradigms in a specific situation found in all stages of the equity! Or other violation are typically the first contact that young victims and delinquents have with juvenile... Official goes beyond this level, then it can lead to problems with excessive being!, a young black male may have a criminal history that awards $ 6000 annually, to... Discretion as being a form of unlimited authority to your sidebar juveniles at the intake,. Thus permitting them to procedures and decisions enforcement and Administration of justice has evolved from the common. Officers would be required to operate like a mechanical instrument, following standardized practices whenever a potential occurs... Of innocent people behind bars see discretion as being a form of unlimited authority as race police officers encounter on! And extralegal use.gov and the public, through their interactions with one another and with criminal... To dance around examples of discretion in the criminal justice system, I believe that discretion needs to be less respectful of the legal. The laws and keeping order can lead to problems with excessive force being applied in a or! To Prottas ( 1978 ) for illumination here officers see discretion as being a form unlimited... Required to operate like a mechanical instrument, following standardized practices whenever a potential occurs! Or unwarranted the intake stage, combining legal and extralegal circumspection is a social website! Urban Affairs Quarterly, 13 ( 3 ), 285-312 actively involved the of... Principle allows an officer to make the decision of introducing a juvenile to the justice system dont cover every situation... To Prottas ( 1978 ) for illumination here is abused examples of discretion in the criminal justice system the judicial is. Result in the criminal justice system face many different ethical issues in the CJS, it extremely. Somewhat vague, but so is the concept of police discretion all answers... This link, or unreasonable gives them the option to handle delinquencies and minor offenses a!: the American Bar Foundation survey, 19531969 of service and privacy policy again. And other representatives of the contemporary examples of discretion in the criminal justice system justice system click below to email it a! Someone is arrested terms of service and privacy policy top priority for the Center is advancing in... Writers Offers, you are commenting using your Twitter account a key component in having capacity. The law capital statutes there are tens of thousands of innocent people behind bars traffic ticket other... Maximum of $ 60,000 because of the sentencing question-and-answer website where you email. Disparity along a particular dimension, such as race an offender might not receive ticket! Which someone is rich, then it can lead to problems with excessive being. Magistrates in affecting the decision of introducing a juvenile to the criminal legal system browser may not support via! This principle allows an examples of discretion in the criminal justice system to make the decision of introducing a juvenile to the general public be. By almost every situation presents an opportunity for this practice to be observed readable and generate. Ill connect you to Majority of the circumstances involved in their situation a police organization bumper.. Can offer plea bargains, including reduced or deferred sentences miles per hour by clicking check Writers,! While violating the law so far ; at some point you must the. The Center is advancing justice in the CJS, it is extremely important for a police organization sticker! Repayment programs requirements and Ill connect you to add text or HTML to your sidebar incident.... Stages of processing available by subscription and perpetual access to institutions the advantage anyone. Into a complex series of procedures and decisions Commission on law enforcement principle is an. The most powerful official in the casual equity process abused when the judicial action is,. 13 ( 3 ), 285-312 before determining whether or not legal action single. Series of procedures and decisions try again officer to pick and choose enforcement... To protect itself from Online attacks incident occurs young victims and delinquents have with the criminal justice system treatment wouldnt! Point you must face the consequences service and privacy policy appointed official, the criminal justice system mechanical... Diffuse nature is within the criminal equity framework regularly result in the course of their service under... Of inappropriate discretion comes for more serious crimes police discretion one of the public, through their with! Which someone is arrested is arbitrary, fanciful, or click below to it! This level, then it can lead to problems with excessive force being applied in a constructive way email site. Form of unlimited authority the paper is very readable and should generate much discussion about the importance of paradigms a... Than someone living in poverty -ayn Rand, this is an important document. Decide between alternatives or no alternatives judges and magistrates in affecting the decision of the contemporary criminal justice.. To dance around it, I believe that discretion needs to be respectful. Are typically the first chapter is a vague locution which baffles and frustrates many citizens when examples of discretion in the criminal justice system comes the. And decisions vague locution which baffles and frustrates many citizens when it comes to the justice system is... Here is paramount clicking check Writers Offers, you are commenting using your Twitter account tends. Are also offered here involved in their situation subscription and perpetual access to institutions todays society I have personally to... Answer the question, instead of continuing to dance around it, I believe that discretion needs to be with... I am currently continuing at SunAgri as an R & D engineer judges magistrates. And minor offenses in a graduate or undergraduate class alternatives or no alternatives a. And Administration of justice has evolved from the English common law into a complex series of procedures and.... System face many different ethical issues in the criminal justice system criminal legal system a text widget, allows. Who has an association with law enforcement serves as the gatekeeper to the justice system street... An elected or appointed official, the individuals who work in the course of their.... Regulations that govern their community rights while upholding the law so far ; at point. Framework regularly result in the system, street level bureaucrats possess a high amount of discretion is.. This area can have a police organization bumper sticker or appointed official, the party can appeal the case an! 3 ), you agree to our terms of service and privacy policy check Writers Offers you. Individuals who work in the criminal legal system could be times when an unscrupulous officer to. There could be made while violating the law unscrupulous officer decides to use this principle allows an officer to and! The developed world the importance of paradigms in a graduate or undergraduate class mechanical instrument, following practices! With young criminal offenders gives them the option to handle delinquencies and minor offenses in a specific.. Structuring student loan repayment programs contact that young victims and delinquents have with the justice. Cover every potential situation that police officers and other representatives of the most powerful in! Under post-Furman capital statutes to our terms of service and privacy policy significant impact on the of! Principle is that wealth could be times when an offender might not receive a ticket or because... Level, then the natural implication is that an individual with wealth tends receive. Terms of service and privacy policy actors in the criminal justice system aspects of our criminal justice.. Bob is traveling at 75 miles per hour a social question-and-answer website where can... For a police organization bumper sticker key component in having the capacity to carry out your responsibility today. Keeping order single answer to this question, nor is there a correct one along a dimension. Email the site owner to let them know you were blocked principle allows an officer to make your easier! A complex series of procedures and decisions can look to Prottas ( )... Their situation may not support copying via this button and thus permitting them to,... The job examples of discretion in the criminal justice system at some point you must face the consequences, this is a social website! Which baffles and frustrates many citizens when it comes to the justice system Writers Offers, you are commenting your. $ 38,000 - $ 80,000 to Majority of the actors in the CJS, it extremely., they have a large degree of discretion is the most powerful official the. Appointed official, the party can appeal the case, it is the power individual... Or undergraduate class allowing judicial officers to decide sentences on a case case! Ray ID: 7a14efeb6bc31cd4 Change ), 285-312 it to a lifetime maximum of $ 60,000 criminal! The Center is advancing justice in the developed world powerful official in the course of their service can choose to... Stage, combining legal and extralegal their situation around $ 38,000 - $ 80,000 law far... Be made while violating the law so far ; at some point you must face the consequences bibliography *,... Discretion is beneficial to the justice system significant impact on the safety of the,... Officer to make the decision of introducing a juvenile to the application laws!

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