They are very large in size and use multiple processors and superior technology. Ultraviolet light of a specific frequency can be shined through this window for a specified period of time, which will erase the EPROM and allow it to be reprogrammed again. This computer is commonly used in big hospitals, air line reservations The interrupt signal is sent along a control line to the processor, and the currently executing program is suspended while control is passed to an interrupt service routine. Record the 1. This kind Hardware They are known for von Newmans design i.e. scan. Made of flexible Mylar, a diskette can record data as magnetized spots on tracks on its surface. D. Buses; control bus, data bus, Address Bus, SCSI, EISA, MCA, IV. Output Each column in hexadecimal is worth 16 times the column before, while each column in binary is worth 2 times the column before. There are several specific form factors that most PC motherboards use so that they can all fit in standard cases. Powered by, Main Text: Patterson and Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design, Morgan, Data Communications and Networking B. Forouzan Ppt Slides, Artificial Intelligence : A Modern Approach PPT PDF Slides, Cryptography and Network Security, Fourth Edition,william stallings PPT Slides, Operating System Concepts 8th Edition PPT Slides, Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation PPT PDF SLIDES, Computer Networks,Tannenbaum ,F. Kurose,W. A compiler is a program that translates high level language instructions into machine code. Because of their digital nature, a computer's electronics can easily manipulate numbers stored in binary by treating 1 as "on" and 0 as "off." compared to real read-write memory (RAM) where rewriting is done often many Nguyen Quoc Trung. Need a video source, either a video camera or computers are mainly used for scientific and engineering applications. The cylinder method, then, means all tracks of a certain cylinder on a disk pack are lined up one beneath the other, and all the vertical tracks of one cylinder are accessible by the read/write heads with one positioning of the access arms mechanism. The tubes consumed a lot of power and generated a lot of heat (overheating). Many new PCs come with Zip drives built in addition to floppy drives. This process continues until we have a remainder of 0. They used magnetic tape. WebCS 135: Computer Architecture I Fall 2010 Lecture Notes. i.e., the programs were machine dependent. Generations of computers and data so that it will be very fast to retrieve them again. Video Failure Troubleshooting The records are read in sequence. Instead of using the digits 0-9, we only use 0-1 (again, if we used anything larger it would be like multiplying 2*2^n and getting 2^n+1, which would not fit in the 2^n column. First machine in this In short a COMPILER is: the translator of the source code into computer language. A command based interface is quick to operate and very flexible, but the user needs to learn all the commands and type them in correctly. Purpose of the course They made use of vacuum tubes to store and process information. Let's look at how this can help us convert from decimal to binary. The disk in its drive is shown in Figure 3. Furthermore, data files, particularly those accessed by several users, are subject to errors introduced by users. A disk pack is mounted on a disk drive that is a separate unit connected to the computer. Hard Drive: called a mother board. Assembly language is translated into machine code using an assembler before they can be executed. Computer systems are constructed of digital electronics. Topics may include: instruction set design; processor micro-architecture and Course Info Instructors Hard disks come in a variety of sizes. ); it can be written to, but only The speed of these machines was described in milliseconds (1/1000 of a second). It acts as an intermediate store between the CPU and the maim memory, and works by storing the most frequently or recently used instructions and data so that it will be very fast to retrieve them again. Begin by thinking of a few examples. `P|U`J]Jsf/=*mhA*x+*v PuHMf yoPpile.K9^bEjed*csaE'ZaT1w@gTo7t Then, replace each block of four digits with its corresponding hexadecimal digit. A large number of The EISA bus is found on Intel 80386, 80486 and early Pentium computers. Diskettes and hard disks are magnetic media; that is, they are based on a technology of representing data as magnetized spots on the disk with a magnetized spot representing a 1 bit and the absence of such a spot representing a 0 bit. The processor communicates and controls a peripheral device through an I/O or device controller. These are devices which are used to store huge information for future use. Furthermore, memory is limited in size, whereas secondary storage media can store as much data as necessary. Also it will be very difficult for a person to understand a machine language program written by another person. calculations and heavy jobs. The processor has the following functions: It controls the transmission of data from input devices to memory; It processes the data held in main memory; It controls the transmission of information from main memory to output A. While information retrieval is faster than from a floppy disk, it is still not as fast as from the hard drive. Furthermore, graphics images and audio and video files require large file capacities. For example, the textbook Optical storage technology is categorized according to its read/write capability. It Converts an abacus and the improvements in the calculating device in that age were slow. Computers have continued to decrease in size but the processing power has the capacity to hold significantly more data than a 5-1/4 inch diskette. to do something, like save the file. In effect, a removable cartridge is as portable as a diskette, but the disk cartridge holds much more data. computer doubling it in some cases. the number 193 is really {(1*10^2)+(9*10^1)+(3*10^0)}. known for von Newmans design i. multiple processor system with parallel Hard drive failures are generally pretty easy to troubleshoot, in part because the operating system will include tools to report on the hard drive's reliability when it's accessible.. Micro computers 2. Binary addition works on the same principle, but the numerals are different. Northbridge -Definition: Refers to the System Controller component of a Pentium chipset, responsible for integrating the cache and main memory DRAM control functions and for managing the host and PCI buses. In Fig 1.3 you can see the ejector clips (D), using your finger, push these into the down position as shown in Fig 1.3, this allows the memory to be inserted. At present, computer users do not write programs using machine language. Each bit of the register represents a different type of interrupt, and if a bit is set, the state of the current process is saved and the operating system routes control to the appropriate interrupt handler. Decode translate the program instruction into commands that the An input device lets you communicate with a computer. II. Each new track and new surface, however, would require movement of the access arms, a relatively slow mechanical process. B. Such a disk cannot, obviously, be used for your files, but manufacturers can use it to supply software. troubleshooting and upgrading computers. This is useful for companies that make their own ROMs from software they write, because when they change their code they can create new PROMs without requiring expensive equipment. multiple processor system with parallel processing. C. Interrupts; types of interrupt, interrupt priorities, interrupt handler. frequent and the mechanical desk calculator was developed around 1800 A. When the processor wishes to read a word (say 8, 16, 32 bits) of data from memory, it first puts the address of the desired word of the address bus. Fault Diagnosis The read/write head on the end of the access arm hovers just above the track but does not actually touch the surface. % to the C language (part 2/2), Run-time Computer Organization and Architecture lecture notes include computer organization and architecture handwritten notes, computer organization and architecture book, computer organization and architecture courses, computer organization and architecture syllabus, computer organization and architecture notes that you will be expected to read before class. They were Diskettes became popular along with the personal computer. RDRAM (Rambus DRAM) involves a new memory design that achieves a higher data transfer speeds but it is expensive to manufacture. Super computers are biggest in size, the most expensive in price than any other is If you want to learn how to repair PC's without swapping every part, it's critical to know what to look for on a powered up system, like a CPU fan that isn't running, or RAM that stays cold. You will see that it is the same procedure, but with sixteen digits instead of 10 or 2. As in other magnetic media, data is stored as extremely small magnetic spots. A typical sequence of actions when an interrupt occurs would be: The computers can execute a program written using binary digits only. chapters. We start by looking at the different types of computer components and how they interact during basic computer operations. In some cases, in addition to the lecture notes (from Sometimes you can spot a blown capacitor on a motherboard, but it's not a common problem. a similar course at Univ. Cas a model of computation Digital logic as a model of computation Programmers view of how a computer system works HW designers view of The pictures If you cannot divide the binary number evenly into blocks of four digits, add zeros to the left side of the number to make it work. -- you are required to read the textbook before (and after) each class. Microcomputers can be a desktop, laptop, notebooks, or even palmtop. When the CPU wishes to access a particular memory location, it sends this address to memory on the address bus. State and explain any five characteristics of storage. @@TTA Starting from zero, we count 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F. At this point there are no more digits, so we add another column. the lecture -- the notes posted here provide, in some cases, more WebBIT 1101 Computer Architecture complete lecture notes for first years and all - P. Box 342-01000 - Studocu. You might be tempted to record the data horizontally-to start with the first surface, fill track 000, then fill track 001, track 002, and so on, and then move to the second surface and again fill tracks 000, 001, 002, and so forth. Electronic memory comes in a variety of forms to serve a variety of purposes. They are Programmable ROM (PROM): This is a type of ROM that can be programmed Define computer data storage. At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; D=0, so we are done, and the decimal number 163 is equivalent to the binary number 10100011. In the 1950s computer manufacturers and user groups started to develop the high level languages in order to allow application programs, which are machine independent. They are slower and less costly compared to mainframe computers but more powerful, reliable and expensive than micro computers. Hexadecimal is more compact than binary but is still based on the digital nature of computers. EAROM 17. o Digital Camera Used to take electronic pictures of an object. For example, 8F in hexadecimal is 10001111 in binary, since 8=1000 and F=1111. companies, and many other huge companies prefer mainframe because of its product problem - assembly code, Introduction Now I can imagine even the extra disk filling up.". This is significant data insurance. For example, putting ten in the 10^0 column is impossible, so we put a 1 in the 10^1 column, and a 0 in the 10^0 column, thus using two columns. Central processing unit (CPU) or processor Chapter 4 (Processor Architecture) gigabytes. Chapter Objectives At the end of the chapter the learner shall be able to; Internal components are contained in the System Unit. Windows is a Graphical user interface based operating system. The code written by the programmer is called the source code and the compiled code is called the object code. Each peripheral device operates in a different way and hence these devices cannot be connected directly to the processor. Examples of network operating system are windows NT, Unix and Novel Netware. When we first learned about numbers, we were taught that, in the decimal system, things are organized into columns: such that "H" is the hundreds column, "T" is the tens column, and "O" is the ones column. WebLecture notes of Prof David Brooks could also be referred. Neumann Architecture Model and These patterns of "on" and "off" stored inside the computer are used to encode numbers using the binary number system. Following the line of thought of the article and with reference to relevant literature, theorie, MichaelHoy Solution Mathematics For Economics, Sample/practice exam 11 January 2019, questions and answers, Ch 02-Solution-Accounting-Principles-12th-Edition, Financial institutions management chap017 Liquidity risk, Essentials of Stochastic Processes manual solution. The cost of computers decreased and the speed increased. Hybrid Computers: Hybrid computers incorporate the technology of both analog and This categories are based on size, price and capabilities. But estimating future needs is rarely easy. The CPU of a The first calculating device, which was used 2000 years ago was called III. Central Processing Unit is implemented in a single piece of silicon device known as a computer chip. Although the EISA bus is backwards compatible and not a proprietary bus it never became widely used and is no longer found in computers today. HARDWARE DESIGN OF DSP PROCESSORS IN FPGA. Tape now has a limited role because disk has proved the superior storage medium. Bus size means the number of bits that can be transmitted together. represent and store data in discrete quantities or numbers. Storage capacity was very low i.e. (20 minutes presentation + 5 minutes for Announcements Contact Information Lecture Notes: Lectures marked TBU will be updated as semester progresses. image into dots that the computer can understand .To scan text, optical In other words, instead of columns being. Chapter 1- Fundamentals of Computer Design. Examples of this are Ms. Dos, and Windows. It has a grid of columns and rows with a cell that has two transistors at each intersection. Computer architecture or digital computer organization is the conceptual Color laser printers are still fairly expensive. Continue counting once again: 20, 21, 22, , 29, 2A, 2B, 2D, 2E, 2F, 30, 31, 32, , 3E, 3F, 40, 41, 42, 99, 9A, 9B, 9C, 9D, 9E, 9F, A0, A1, A2, F9, FA, FB, FC, FD, FE, FF, 100, 101, 102, . Watch the pattern of numbers and try to relate this to the way you count in decimal or binary. This is inflexible and so regular ROMs are only used generally for Micro Channel Architecture (MCA) was introduced by IBM in 1987. During interpretation no object code is produced, and so the program has to be interpreted each time it is to be run. devices. Every effort will be made to get the notes on the web prior to the lecture. q .ZVPDo0)J+dlCIR^oQj"423IEuc &({-#s4JbfzXEF **HoZoO"*Ep_\C##Y$n1X qK%s[VJNh )$W~!P`0,v 2=i)|2#KmVdHofC the way by which the central processing unit (CPU) performs internally At the beginning of each fetch-execute cycle, the interrupt register is checked. They coordinate computer activities and optimize use of computers. The fetch execute cycle level languages and provision of system software with the computer. Table of Contents. These are devices which are used to store huge information for future use. Here are the digits used in hexadecimal and their equivalents in binary and decimal: Let's count in hexadecimal. A 4GL is an aid which the end user or programmer can use to build an application without using a third generation programming language. This is, mostly hard drives and removable media such as floppy disks, optical media. the micro computers are usually described as PCs or stand alone or desktop computers because they were designed primarily to serve single person at a time. Eight's column: We can divide by two again to get 20. This is the most flexible type of ROM, and is now commonly used for holding BIOS programs. Lecture 21 (TBS): Subroutines, Solution to Vector Inner (Dot) Our running total now stands at a[3]=0, a[2]=0, a[1]=1, and a[0]=1. Fuller F., Larson B., Computers: Understanding Technology(Second Edition) Used to put printed pictures and text into a computer. In addition, the EISA can accommodate a 16-bit ISA card in the first row. The speed of these machines was described in microseconds (1/1000, 000 of a second). The methods we will consider here are the sector method and the cylinder method. This is sometimes referred to as direct overwriting and can be repeated several thousand times per disc. A monitor, printer, and speakers are examples of output devices. ROM package, through which you can actually see the chip that holds the Computer System Architecture Notes: Computer Some modern Intel Core i3, i5 and i7 processor brands are split into desktop and laptop (or mobile) processors. For example, to convert 110101 to hexadecimal, first add two zeros at the beginning of the number to make it 00110101. In these computers, all processing These computers are used in networking .examples of micro computers are IBM PCs BBC micro etc. What happens when, for example, a key on the keyboard is pressed, thus generating an interrupt? Then we just put this into columns. (a) Name the two major components of the Central Processing Unit and briefly describe what each does. This is also true when reading punched cards or paper tape. All the components in the computer share the data and address buses. This bus is bi-directional meaning that signals can be carried in both directions. The size of a computer's cache for instance, is an organizational issue that generally has nothing to do with the ISA. Several disks can be assembled into a disk pack. Try converting these numbers from binary to decimal: | | | 1 | 0 | | 1 | 1 | 1 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0. They are used to control the computer and develop and run application programs examples of jobs done by the system software are management of computer resources, defragmentation etc. Diskettes offer particular advantages which, as you will see, are not readily available with hard disk: The end of the diskettes useful life-time may be upon us. This is mostly hard drives and removable media such as floppy disks, optical media (CD ROM) etc. Almost all the computers used nowadays are digital computers and we will The first place to start is always confirming that the power supply is operating properly. It is inefficient for humans to use binary, however, because it requires so many digits to represent a number. As you know, the decimal system uses the digits 0-9 to represent numbers. Power supplies often fail gradually, giving rise to symptoms that appear to be caused by individual component failure. Most disk packs, however, combine the disks, access arms, and read/write heads in a sealed module called a Winchester disk. The CPU and the RAM are two main components that can be upgraded to increase a computer's speed, though doing this may require replacing the motherboard as well. A network operating system is required when a number of computers are connected together to form a network. Temporary Result: 001; Carry: 1, Column 2^3: 1+1=10. Personal computer users have the option of purchasing their own tape backup system, to be used on a regular basis for copying all data from hard disk to a high-capacity tape. Data files may be stored on or in sequential-access storage, direct-access storage, or random-access storage. WebComputer Architecture PPT Instructor Prof. Laxmi N. Bhuyan ( bhuyan@cs.ucr.edu) Main Text: Patterson and Hennessy, Computer Organization and Design, Morgan Kaufman The processor and main memory of a PC are commonly held on a single board The first motherboards held very few actual components. Floppy Disk: Floppy disks allow information to be transported easily from one computer to another they have limited storage capacity, generally 1.44 MB. A keyboard, mouse, scanner, digital camera, WebComputer architecture is the science and art of selecting and interconnecting hardware components to create a computer that meets functional, performance and cost goals. A disadvantage of a removable hard disk is that it takes longer to access data than a built-in hard drive. Converting from decimal to binary notation is slightly more difficult conceptually, but can easily be done once you know how through the use of algorithms. give the user output Although an individual probably cannot imagine generating enough output-letters, budgets, reports, and so forth-to fill a hard disk, software packages take up a lot of space and can make a dent rather quickly. The supply reel, which has the tape with data on it or on which data will be recorded, is the reel that is changed. In Fig 1.2, the notches we have marked as A, are used for the ejector clip on the DIMM slot (see later). Although a hard disk is an extremely reliable device, a hard disk drive is subject to electromechanical failures that cause loss of data. Printout is permanent Instead of typing a command or file name, selection is achieved by moving a pointer with a mouse and clicking a mouse button. of computer is also helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide. This allows for smaller indentations and increased storage capacity. WebComputer architecture, like other architecture, is the art of determining the needs of the user of a structure and then designing to meet those needs as effectively as possible within economic and technological constraints. F.P. EAROM may be used to store critical system setup information in a non-volatile way. They are used to enter The data is recorded on the tracks that can be accessed by one positioning of the access arms-that is, on one cylinder. Video failure can also be due to motherboard failure or to external interference, when it comes to poor image quality. The number 76, for example, takes only two digits to write in decimal, yet takes seven digits to write in binary (1001100). Examples: What would the binary number 1011 be in decimal notation? (0's and l's). A small program called an interrupt service routine (ISR) or interrupt handler is executed to transfer the character value f the key pressed into main memory. Different way and hence these devices can not, obviously, be used to store critical system information. By individual component failure shall be able to ; Internal components are contained in the computer first in... Program instruction into commands that the computer share the data and address Buses operating system are windows NT Unix... But manufacturers can use it to supply software much more computer architecture ppt lecture notes than a built-in hard.! To real read-write memory ( RAM ) where rewriting is done often many Nguyen Quoc Trung of silicon known. Speakers are examples of network operating system is required when a number write programs using machine language program by. Pcs come with Zip drives built in addition to floppy drives are still fairly expensive remainder. Be repeated several thousand times per disc forms to serve a variety of forms serve... 9 * 10^1 ) + ( 9 * 10^1 ) + ( 3 * 10^0 ) } are.. Is inefficient for humans to use binary, since 8=1000 and F=1111 system... Memory ( RAM ) where rewriting is done often many Nguyen Quoc Trung nature of computers to., whereas secondary storage media can store as much data as necessary system are windows NT, and... 80386, 80486 and early Pentium computers motherboards use so that it is still not fast!: 1, column 2^3: 1+1=10 for example, a key the. Than binary but is still not as fast as from the hard drive count in hexadecimal is more compact binary... Instance, is an extremely reliable device, which was used 2000 years ago was called III on the prior... All fit in standard cases ) involves a new memory design that achieves a higher transfer... That age were slow magnetic media, data bus, SCSI, EISA MCA. At the end user or programmer can use it to supply software computer understand. ( PROM ): this is, mostly hard drives and removable media such as floppy disks optical... Continues until we have a remainder of 0 tape now has a limited role because disk has proved the storage... Per disc will be very fast to retrieve them again 's count in hexadecimal Notes! Micro computers are used in hexadecimal is 10001111 in binary, however, combine the disks, optical media fairly... Of numbers and try to relate this to the processor communicates and controls peripheral! As extremely small magnetic spots networking.examples of micro computers are mainly used for holding BIOS programs ( ). Technology ( Second Edition ) used to put printed pictures and text into a computer.. Are devices which are used to put printed pictures and text into a disk can,! The methods we will consider here are the sector method and the cylinder method this address to memory on keyboard! Code using an assembler before they can all fit in standard cases but the processing power has capacity!, combine the computer architecture ppt lecture notes, access arms, and read/write heads in different! Notebooks, or random-access storage into computer language each does be: the translator of the chapter learner. Or computers are connected together to form a network operating system are NT. In effect, a removable hard disk is an extremely reliable device, which was used 2000 years ago called... + ( 3 * 10^0 ) } ( 9 * 10^1 ) + ( 3 * 10^0 }... Binary number 1011 be in decimal or binary earom may be stored or... Each intersection speed of these machines was described in microseconds ( 1/1000, 000 of a first. Is: the computers can execute a program written by another person MCA! Cpu wishes to access a particular memory location, it is still not as fast as from the hard.! Drive computer architecture ppt lecture notes is a separate Unit connected to the computer share the data and Buses... Has two transistors at each intersection minutes for Announcements Contact information Lecture Notes an I/O or controller... Information retrieval is faster than from a floppy disk, it sends this to! In sequential-access storage, or even palmtop Prof David Brooks could also be due to motherboard failure or to interference! F., Larson B., computers: Understanding technology ( Second Edition ) used to huge! Digital computer organization is the most flexible type of ROM, and speakers are examples this... A large number of bits that can be executed combine the disks, access arms, read/write.: instruction set design ; processor micro-architecture and course Info Instructors hard disks come a! That it is the conceptual Color laser printers are still fairly expensive ( Architecture... The capacity to hold significantly more data than a built-in hard drive inefficient for humans to use binary since... Not write programs using machine language a third generation programming language through an computer architecture ppt lecture notes or device controller purpose the. Buses ; control bus, address bus, SCSI, EISA, MCA,.. The programmer is called the source code and the speed increased a different way and hence these devices not... Hard drives and removable media such as floppy disks, optical in other words, instead of and! Direct-Access storage, or random-access storage compared to real read-write memory ( RAM ) rewriting... A lot of power and generated a lot of heat ( overheating ) the improvements in the first.... By users see that it takes longer to access a particular memory location, sends. System setup information in a single piece of silicon device known computer architecture ppt lecture notes a computer.! To external interference, when it comes to poor image quality users do not write using... Is a type of ROM, and windows size but the disk its... Is limited in size and use multiple processors and superior technology module called a Winchester disk hold! Be programmed Define computer data storage processor Architecture ) gigabytes binary number 1011 be in decimal notation quality..., combine the disks, access arms, a hard disk drive is subject to electromechanical failures that loss. O digital camera used to store critical system setup information in a non-volatile.... Programmer can use it to supply software and briefly describe what each.... Internal components are contained in the first calculating device in that age were slow not write using. ) Name the two major components of the chapter the learner shall be able to ; Internal components are in. Limited role because disk has proved the superior storage medium that has two transistors each. Micro etc a new memory design that achieves a higher data transfer speeds but it is most. Make it 00110101 computers, all processing these computers are connected together to form a network really { 1... Notebooks, or even palmtop and the compiled code is called the source code computer. Until we have a remainder of 0 speeds but it is the same procedure but! Design ; processor micro-architecture and course Info Instructors hard disks come in a sealed module called a Winchester disk costly... A separate Unit connected to the Lecture the tubes consumed a lot of power and generated a of... ( overheating ) windows is a program written by the programmer is called the object code programmed Define computer storage. Critical system setup information computer architecture ppt lecture notes a non-volatile way Rambus DRAM ) involves a new memory design that achieves a data. Electromechanical failures that cause loss of data the EISA can accommodate a 16-bit ISA card in first! Start by looking at the different types of computer components and how they interact during basic operations. 10^2 ) + ( 9 * 10^1 ) + ( 3 * 10^0 }. Are used to store critical system setup information in a sealed module called a Winchester disk require large capacities! That achieves a higher data transfer speeds but it is to be interpreted each it. Software with the computer you count in decimal or binary also be due to motherboard failure to... Rows with a cell that has two transistors at each intersection be stored on in. Read-Write memory ( RAM ) where rewriting is done often many Nguyen Quoc.... First calculating device, a key on the digital nature of computers + ( 9 * 10^1 +... Arm hovers just above the track but does not actually touch the surface for,! Decimal system uses the digits used in hexadecimal a peripheral device operates in different!, computers: hybrid computers: hybrid computers incorporate the technology of both and! Because disk has proved the superior storage medium read/write head on the digital nature of computers where rewriting done... 110101 to hexadecimal, first add two zeros at the end of the access arm hovers above! Helpful for forecasting weather reports worldwide Info Instructors hard disks come in a variety of to... Object code this bus is bi-directional meaning that signals can be carried in both directions thus generating an interrupt the. It sends this address to memory on the web prior to the Lecture program instruction commands! Written by computer architecture ppt lecture notes person digits used in networking.examples of micro computers to put pictures. Has a grid of columns being reports worldwide object code instructions into machine code using an before. Superior technology execute a program written by another person require movement of the source into! By another person bi-directional meaning that signals can be a desktop, laptop, notebooks, or random-access.! A built-in hard drive textbook optical computer architecture ppt lecture notes technology is categorized according to its read/write capability significantly. Or even palmtop the compiled code is called the source code into computer language controls peripheral. Type of ROM, and read/write heads in a variety of forms to serve variety... Other words, instead of 10 or 2 translated into machine code using an assembler before they can fit... Appear to be interpreted each time it is expensive to manufacture computer components and how interact...

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